Viii biology kc

T.E.T
Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;T
vl;lhk; tFg;G
caphpay;
ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;
(PAPER I AND II)
Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah;fSf;fhf
“fy;tpr;Nrhiy” JizAld;
ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc,
B.T. ASST.,
PANCHAYAT UNION MIDDLE SCHOOL,
CHOKKANATHANPATTI,
KADAYAM (UNION),
TIRUNELVELI (DIS)
CELL : 9952329008
E.MAIL : raamanesh143@gmail.com
www.kalvisolai.com - 1 of 29.

gaph; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik
1. Ntshz;ik – kdpjh;fs; jk; NjitfSf;fhf jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis tsh;g;gJ
Fwpj;J gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gphpT
2. Ntshz;ikr; rhh;e;j nray;Kiwfs; - tpijg;gijj; njhlh;e;J mWtil tiuf;Fk; cs;s
midj;J tifahd nray; KiwfSk; Ntshz;ik rhh;e;j nray;Kiwfs;
3. gaph; rhFgbapd; mbg;gil nray;Kiwfs;
- epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpijj;jy;
- cukpLjy; (,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if)
- ghrd Kiwfs;
- fisnaLj;jy;
- mWtil nra;jy;
- Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; re;ij gLj;Jjy;
4. epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy;
- kz;iz jahh; nra;jy;
- cOjy; rkd;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cukpLjy;
5. cOjy; - fPo; kz;iz NkNy nfhz;L tUjy; mjid nkd;ikahf;Fjy;
- NtUf;F Rthrpf;f fhw;iw mspj;jy;
- <ug;gjj;ij Njq;fr; nra;jy;
- Ez;Zaphpfis Cf;fg;gLj;jp kz;iz tsg;gLj;Jjy;
- fis kw;Wk; mjd; tpijfis ePf;Fjy;
6. cOjy; - Kiwfs;
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw – Vh; cOjy;
2. jw;fhy Kiw – VUe;J (buhf;lh;)
7. cOjy; nraYf;F gad;gLk; fUtpfs;
kz;ntl;b, kz;thhp, fisnfhj;jp kw;Wk; Nfhlhhp
8. tpijj;jy; - kz;zpy; tpijia Cd;Wk; nray;
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw – JhTjy;
2. ve;jpuk; Kiw – (Jis Kiw)
9. jioAuq;fsjioAuq;fsjioAuq;fsjioAuq;fs; - kz;zpy; ,aw;ifahf tsh;e;Js;s Cl;;lr;rj;J kpFe;j jhtuq;fs;
10. ePh; ghrd Kiw
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw – fg;gp Kiw, rq;fpyp Row;rp Kiw, Vw;wk; Kiw.
2. etPd ePh; ghrd Kiw
fhy;tha; ghrdk;, njspg;G ePh; ghrdk;, Njf;F ePh; ghrdk;, kw;Wk; nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk;.
11. fhy;tha; ghrdk;
- coTf; fhy; topNa gha;r;rg;gLk; (ney; tay;)
12. Njf;F ePh; ghrdk;
- epyk; KOtJk; ePuhy; epug;gg;gLjy;
- c.k; ney; tay;
13. njspg;G ePh;g; ghrdk;
- <uj;jd;ikia jf;f itf;f ,ayhj epyj;jpy; gad;gLk;
- Gy; jiu
14. nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk;
- jhtu NtUf;F kpf mUfpy; ghAk; tz;zk; mikAk;
- kio ePh; Fiwthf cs;s fhyj;jpy; gad;gLk;
- jpuhl;ir, thio, fj;jphp gaph;fSf;F gad;gLk;
15. cyfpNyNa kpfg; nghpa ghrd fhy;tha; -
Jh;f;Nkdp];jhd; ehl;by; cs;s fhuhFk; (1300 fp.kP)
16. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp fhy;tha; - ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghpa fhy;tha;fSs; xd;W.
`hpNf ghNu[; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Jtq;Fk;
17. fis ePf;Fjy; - Njitaw;w jhtuq;fis taypy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fjy;
- fisr; nrbfs; (Gy;, mkuhe;j];mkuhe;j];mkuhe;j];mkuhe;j];, kw;Wk; fhl;L xl;];)
18. fis ePf;Fjy; Kiw
- iffshy; fisnaLj;jy; - fisnfhj;jp, guk;g gyif
- Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; - lhygd;lhygd;lhygd;lhygd;, nkl;lhf;Nshh;nkl;lhf;Nshh;nkl;lhf;Nshh;nkl;lhf;Nshh;, 2222,4444----il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p mrpl;bf; mkpyk;il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p mrpl;bf; mkpyk;il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p mrpl;bf; mkpyk;il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
(2(2(2(2----4444----D))))
19. caphp fisf; nfhy;yp – ghf;Bhpak;, G+Q;ir ,itfisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; fisj;
jhtuq;fis mopf;fyhk;

20. gaph; mWtilapy; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpoh
jkpo;ehL – nghq;fy;
m];]hk; - gpF
Nfush – efd;ah, N`hyp, Xzk;
21. fjph; mbj;;jy; - Kw;wpa jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; jha; jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fjy;
22. Jhw;Wjy; - Njitaw;w itf;Nfhy;, ckp Nghd;wit jhdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fk; Kiw
23. gRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rpgRikg; Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikapy; etPd Kaw;rpfis nfhz;L czT cw;gj;jpia
ngUf;f vLj;j eltbf;if
24. Fsph;gjd Kiw Nrkpj;jy; - fha;fwp, goq;fs;
25. jhdpa ghJfhg;G (,aw;if) – Ntg;g ,iy, cg;G, tpsf;nfz;nza; Nghd;wit jhdpaq;fis
Ez;Zaphpfsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;
26. khepy jhdpa Nrkpg;G mikg;G – tptrha nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cuk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrkpj;jiy
cWjp nra;Ak; muR mikg;G.
27. jkpofj;jpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;rhT+h;
28. mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f;mf;khh;f; - tptrha nghUsfspd; juk; gphpf;Fk; muR rhh; jpl;lk; (rpwg;G, ey;y, Rkhh;,
rhjhuzk; vd;gd Nghd;w juk;)
29. gaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rpgaph; Row;rp – jhdpaq;fisAk;, gaph; tiffisAk; xU epyj;jpy; khwp khwp gaphpLk; Kiw
- ,jd; %yk; kz;zpy; cs;s fdpk rj;Jfis epiy ehl;l KbAk;
- gapW tifj; jhtuq;fs; jq;fs; Nth; %z;Lfspy; thOk; ghf;Bhpahthy; tspkz;ly
iel;u[id epiygLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wd.
- ney;, nfhJik rhFg;gbf;F gpd; gl;lhzp, Nrhah, nkhr;ir gaphplyhk;
30. caphp njhopy; El;gtpay; - gad;ghl;L caphpaypd; xU gphpT (nghwpapay;, njhopy;El;gtpay;,
kUj;Jtapay; cs;slf;fpaJ)
- Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ
31. jhtu Nkk;ghl;by; gad;gLk; njhopy;El;gk;
- Njh;T nra;jy;
- fyg;gpdkhjy;
- gd;ka gaph;ngUf;fk;
- jpBh; khw;wg; gaph; ngUf;fk;
- GNuhl;Nlhgpsh] ,izT
- jpR tsh;g;G
- kuG nghwpapay;
32. kuGg;; nghwpapay; - caphpj; njhopy; El;gtpaypd; xU gphpT.
- ey;y gz;Gfis nfhz;l may; [Pd;fis ngw;w jhtuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;;
- Neha;, G+r;rp, fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;G jpwid cUthf;Fjy;
- iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikia cUthf;Fjy;
- kpifg;gLj;jg;glhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis nfhz;l vz;nza; tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fjy;
- kpifg;glj;jg;glhj ];lhh;r;, tpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffistpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffis cUthf;Fjy;
- kuG khw;wk; ngw;w tpijfs;, caphp cuq;fs;, caphp vhpnghUs;fis cUthf;Fjy;
33. czTg; gjg;gLj;Jjypy; caphp njhopy; El;gtpay;
- kugZ khw;wk; kw;Wk; kugZ ,lkhw;wk;
- kugZ khw;wk; ngw;w Gujk;, itl;lkpd;, jLg;G kUe;J
- Ez;Zaphpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; mjd; jpwid cah;j;Jjy;
- mjpfk; fdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspfdpahj jf;fhspiaiaiaia cUthf;fTk;
tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;
1.1.1.1. mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;];mNlhy]d;]; -,yj;jPd; nrhy; “mNlhy]Nu” vd;Dk; thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ ,jd;
nghUs; “tsh;r;rp”
2.2.2.2. tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;tpliyg;gUtk;
- Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpw;Fk; Kjph;r;rp miljYf;fk; ,ilg;gl;l gUtk;
- 11 Kjy; 19 taJ tiuapyhd gUtk; (WHO fUj;J)
- ,sk; gUtj;jpdh; vd miof;fg;gLth;
- cly; kw;Wk; kdjstpy; khw;wk; elf;Fk;
- kdkhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
- jpBnud;W tsh;r;rp mjpfhpf;Fk; gUtk;
- Nfhgk;Nfhgk;Nfhgk;Nfhgk;, Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk;Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk; epyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtkepyTk; gUtk;

3.3.3.3. gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;gUtkiljy;
- ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Kjph;r;rp milAk;
- Mz;fSf;F 14 Kjy; 15 tiuapy; Vw;gLk;
- ngz;fSf;F 11 Kjy; 12 tiu elf;Fk;
4.4.4.4. gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;
m. cauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jycauk; mjpfhpj;jy;
- jpBnud;W elf;Fk;
- Mz;, ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
- xt;nthUtUf;fk; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; khWgLk;
- tsh;r;rp xU kdpjdpd; kuG top tUtJ
M. clyikg;GM. clyikg;GM. clyikg;GM. clyikg;G khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;khw;wq;fs;
---- Mz;, ngz; NtWgl;l khw;wk; Vw;gLk;
---- ngz; - ,Lg;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G vYk;G nghpjhFk;
---- Mz; - Njhs; mfykhFk;, cly; jir ed;F tsUk;
,.,.,.,. Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;Fuy; xyp khw;wk;
- Fuy; tis (yhhpq;];) mfd;W xyp khWgLk;
- Mz; - Fuy; fbdkhf khWk;
- ngz; - Fuy; nkd;ikahf khWk;
- Fuy; tis “Mlk;]; Mg;gps;” vd miog;gJz;L
<. tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gp<. tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gp<. tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gp<. tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gp
---- tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gpapy; ngUk; khw;wk; elf;Fk;
---- gUf;fs; ,U ghyUf;Fk; Njhd;wyhk;
c. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G khw;wk;c. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G khw;wk;c. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G khw;wk;c. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G khw;wk;
---- Mz;fSf;F tpe;jfg;igak;, Mz;FwpAk; tsh;r;rpailAk; tpe;J nry; cw;gj;jp
Muk;gkhFk;
---- ngz;fSf;F mz;lfk; Kl;ilia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. gpd;G mjid Kjph;r;rp milar;
nra;Ak;.
- ,dg; ngUf;f `hh;Nkhd;fs; cw;gj;jp Muk;gkhFk; ,J ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;
,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; cjTk;
C. kdepiy khw;wq;fs;C. kdepiy khw;wq;fs;C. kdepiy khw;wq;fs;C. kdepiy khw;wq;fs;
---- czh;r;rp trg;gLjy;, kd tsh;r;rp, $h;e;jhAk; jd;ik tsh;r;rp miljy;, jpBh; Nfhgk;,
kfpo;r;rp, vhpr;ry;, ftiy Nghd;w khw;wk; epfOk;
5.5.5.5. ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;
m. rpWth;fs;m. rpWth;fs;m. rpWth;fs;m. rpWth;fs;
---- kPir kw;Wk; jhb Njhd;Wjy;
---- cNuhkq;fs; Njhd;Wk;. Fuy; xyp khWk;
---- jir tsh;r;rp, Njhs; mfykhFk;, cly; vil
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
M.M.M.M. rpWkpfs;rpWkpfs;rpWkpfs;rpWkpfs;
---- ghy;Rug;gpfs; tsh;r;rpAWk;
---- ,Lg;G mfykhFk;, ,Lg;ngYk;G nghpjhFk;
---- Kjy; khjtplha; Row;rp Muk;gkhFk;....
,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; `hh;Nkhd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;
6. Rug;gpfs;Rug;gpfs;Rug;gpfs;Rug;gpfs; ---- ekJ clypy; VNjDk; xd;iw Ruj;jy;. ,U tifg;gLk;
m. ehsKs;s Rug;gpfs; - nehjpfisr; Ruf;Fk; (czT nrhpj;jy;)
M. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; - `hh;Nkhd;fisr; (Ntjpapay; JhJth;)
Ruf;Fk;
1. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp
2. ijuha;L Rug;gp
3. fizak; Rug;gp
5. tpe;jfk; (Mz;)
6. mz;lfk; (ngz;)

7.7.7.7. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpgpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp (i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)(i`Nghigrp];)
- jiyik Rug;gp (midj;J ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfisak; fl;LgLj;Jk;)
- %isapd; fPo; ghfj;jpy; cs;sJ
- tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhidtsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhid ,J Ruf;Fk; (cly; tsh;;r;rp Vw;gLk;)
- mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - ,uhl;r] jd;ik (n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)(n[a;[hd;b]k;)
- Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - Fs;sj;jd;ik (kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)(kpl;n[l;)
- taJ Kjph;r;rpapy; mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - mf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhypmf;Nuh nkfhyp
---- taJ Kjph;r;rpapy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - irkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Nehairkhz;b Neha;
8.8.8.8.ijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gpijuha;L Rug;gp
---- njhz;ilapd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; mike;Js;sJ
---- ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd;ijuhf;]pd; vDk; Ntjpg; nghUisr; Ruf;Fk;
---- tsh;r;rp Rthrk; tsh;rpij khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw fl;LgLj;Jk;
---- Fiwthf Rue;jhy; fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k; (Foe;ijfs;)
---- Kjphe;j gUtj;jpy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;fy;ypd; Neha;
---- ijuha;L Rug;gp mstpy; nghpajhdhy; fha;lfha;lfha;lfha;l;l;l;l;lhhhh; (Kd; fOj;J foiy - mNahbd;
Fiwthy; Vw;gLk;)
---- fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k;fphpbdp]k; - vYk;G tsh;r;rp Fd;wpapUj;jy;
9. fizak;9. fizak;9. fizak;9. fizak;
---- ,iug;igapd; fPo; cs;sJ
- ,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;g,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;gp (ehsKs;s kw;wk; ehskpy;yh)
- ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjpapy; fizaj;jPTfs; (yhq;fh;`hd; jpl;Lfs;) cs;sd.
- yhq;fh;`hd; jpl;Lfspy; My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk;My;gh kw;Wk; gPl;lhgPl;lhgPl;lhgPl;lh nry;fs; cs;sd
- ,r;nry;fs; FSf;fhdFSf;fhdFSf;fhdFSf;fhd; kw;Wk; ,d;Rypd,d;Rypd,d;Rypd,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk; (rh;f;fiu msit
fl;LgLj;Jk;)
- ,d;Rypd; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - ePhpopT NehaePhpopT NehaePhpopT NehaePhpopT Neha; (lahgb]; nkypl];)
- FSf;fhd; ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiu msit mjpfhpf;Fk;
10. ml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gpml;hpdy; Rug;gp
---- rpWePufj;jpd; Nky; mike;Js;sJ
- ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ (fhh;nlf;]; kw;Wk; nkLy;yh)
- Rg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpRg;uhhPdy; Rug;gp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
- ml;hpdypd; vd;w (mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;)(mtru `hh;Nkhd;) `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk; - kd mOj;j Neuq;fspy;
mjpfk; Rue;J ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk; ,uj;j mOj;jk; Kjypatw;iw rPuhf;Fk;
11. tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;tpe;jfk;
---- ,r;Rug;gpfspy; cs;s ,ilaPl;L nry;fs; Mz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[dMz;l;Nuh[d;; vDk; ,d `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpd;wd
- mjpf mstpyhd Mz;l;Nuh[d;, nl];l;Nuh];buhd; vdg;gLk;
- nl];l;Nuh];buhd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;
tpe;jZf;fspd; nray;ghl;bw;Fk; fhuzk;
12. mz;lfk;mz;lfk;mz;lfk;mz;lfk;
---- %d;W tifahd `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk;
- <];l;Nuh[d;, GNuh[];buhd;, kw;Wk; hpyhf;]pd;;
- ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjTk;
13. ml;hpdypd; Gwzpg; gFjp13. ml;hpdypd; Gwzpg; gFjp13. ml;hpdypd; Gwzpg; gFjp13. ml;hpdypd; Gwzpg; gFjp –
---- ];buha;L `hh;Nkhid ,U ghyUf;Fk; Ruf;Fk;
- tpliyg; gUt tsh;r;rpf;F cjTk;
14. ,dg;ngUf;f fhy epiy14. ,dg;ngUf;f fhy epiy14. ,dg;ngUf;f fhy epiy14. ,dg;ngUf;f fhy epiy
---- tpe;jZTk; Kl;ilAk; cw;gj;jpahFk; fhy epiy
- ngz; - 13 Kjy; 50 taJ tiu ,Uf;Fk;
- Mz; - 13 taJ njhlq;fp tho;ehs; KOtJk; ,Uf;Fk;
15. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyepiy15. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyepiy15. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyepiy15. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyepiy
m. mz;lk; ntspNaWjym. mz;lk; ntspNaWjym. mz;lk; ntspNaWjym. mz;lk; ntspNaWjy;
- mz;lr; Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J Kl;il ntspNaWjy;
- khjj;jpw;F xU Kl;il ntspNaWk;
M. khjtplha; epiyM. khjtplha; epiyM. khjtplha; epiyM. khjtplha; epiy
- ntspg;gilahf elf;Fk; xU Row;rp Kiw
- `hh;Nkhd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;
- fhy msT 3-5 ehl;fs;

,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;,. fh;g;gk;
- mz;lKk; tpe;jZTk; fyj;jy; epfo;T
- fU Kl;il fUg;igapd; Rth;fspy; xl;bf; nfhz;L fUthf tsUk;
<. khjtpilT epfo;T<. khjtpilT epfo;T<. khjtpilT epfo;T<. khjtpilT epfo;T
- ,dg;ngUf;ff; fhyepiyapd; filrp epiy
- khjtplha; cjpuNghf;F epd;W tpLk; epfo;T Rkhh; ngz;fSf;F 50 tajpy; elf;Fk;.
16. Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;16. Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;16. Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;16. Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ---- xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s Kjy; 22 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
17. ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fsghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fsghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fsghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
- xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s filrp N[hb (23) ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;g;gLk;
- ,U tifg;gLk; mit X kw;Wk; Y
- ngz;fs; jq;fs; nry;fspy; ,U XX FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ngw;Ws;sdh;
- Mz;fs; jq;fs; nry;ypy; xU X kw;Wk; xU Y FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ngw;Ws;sdh;
- ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;fs; cw;gj;jpahFk; NghJ ghjpahf Fiwf;fg;gLk; (46 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
23Mf Fiwf;fg;gLk;)
18. ghy; eph;zak;ghy; eph;zak;ghy; eph;zak;ghy; eph;zak;
- X FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s Mz; tpe;jZ xh; ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;Yld; ,izAk; nghJ
mf;fU ngz;zhf tsUk;
- Y FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s Mz; tpe;jZ xh; ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;Yld; ,izAk; NghJ
mf;fU Mzhf tsUk;.
19. tpliyg; gUtj;jpdUf;F Njitahd rj;Jfs;tpliyg; gUtj;jpdUf;F Njitahd rj;Jfs;tpliyg; gUtj;jpdUf;F Njitahd rj;Jfs;tpliyg; gUtj;jpdUf;F Njitahd rj;Jfs;
- jhJ cg;Gfs; (fhy;rpak;, gh];gu];, ,Uk;Gr;rj;J)
- fhy;rpak; - vYk;Gfs; cWjpahf khWtjw;F
- mNahbd; - ijuha;L Rug;gp rhh;e;j Neha;fis jLf;f
- ,Uk;G – Fiwe;jhy; mdPkpah Neha; tUk;. jir tsh;r;rpf;F Njit.
20. ghypay; nfhLik jLg;Gghypay; nfhLik jLg;Gghypay; nfhLik jLg;Gghypay; nfhLik jLg;G
m. Kjy; epiy jLg;G – ghypay; nfhLik eilngwhky; jLj;jy;
M. ,uz;lhtJ epiy jLg;G – ele;j jtW kPz;Lk; elf;fhky; jLj;jy;
,. %d;whk; epiy jLj;jy; - ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;fhd kdepiy rpfpr;ir nfhLj;jy;.
21. ghypay; nfhLik mwpFwpghypay; nfhLik mwpFwpghypay; nfhLik mwpFwpghypay; nfhLik mwpFwp – Foe;ijfsplk;Foe;ijfsplk;Foe;ijfsplk;Foe;ijfsplk;
- jpdrhp eltbf;ifapy; khw;wk;
- nfl;l fdTfs;
- gLf;ifapy; rpWePh; fopj;jy;
- ez;gh;fs;, FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpyfy;
- mbf;fb Nfhgk; Vw;gLjy;
- nghpNahh;fs; Nghy; ghypay; nray;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
22. ,sk; gUtj;jpdh; jtwhf mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jk; My;f`hy; kUe;J – gpuQ;R nkhopahd bNuhf;
vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ
23. Kiwaw;w kUe;Jfs;Kiwaw;w kUe;Jfs;Kiwaw;w kUe;Jfs;Kiwaw;w kUe;Jfs;
- kfpo;r;rpf;fhf vLf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;
- rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd xd;W
- gf;f tpisTfis cUthf;Fk;
- xgpak;xgpak;xgpak;xgpak;, nùhapd;nùhapd;nùhapd;nùhapd;, khp[pthdhkhp[pthdhkhp[pthdhkhp[pthdh, Nfhfa;d;Nfhfa;d;Nfhfa;d;Nfhfa;d; Nghd;wit Kiwaw;w kUe;J
24. Gif gpbj;jy;Gif gpbj;jy;Gif gpbj;jy;Gif gpbj;jy;
- 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; cly; eyj;jpw;F kpfTk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; nghUs;
- Giff;Fk; NghJ epf;nfhbd;, mk;Nkhdpah, mrpl;Nlhd;, ghh;khy;bi`L, iel;Nul; kw;Wk; 4000
Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; kuzj;ij tpistpf;Fk; jpBh; khw;wf; fhuzpahf khWfpd;wd
- ,it 40 tifahd Gw;WNeha;f;Fk; fhuzpahf khWfpd;wd.
- nfl;l nfhOg;gpd; msit mjpfhpj;J ey;y nfhOg;gpd; msit Fiwf;Fk;
- ,uj;j ehsq;fs; RUq;Ffpd;wd ,jd; %yk; khuilg;G, thj Neha; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ
- M];Jkh gpuhq;ifb]; epNkhdpah vk;igrPkh Nghd;w Neha;fs; jPtpukhFk;
- kyl;L jd;ik Njhd;Wk;

25. Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;Kisfl;Ljy;
- gapW tiffs;, nfhl;il tiffs; kw;Wk; jhdpa tiffis ePhpy; 12 kzp Neuk; Cw itj;J
tsh;j;J Rj;jg;gLj;jp cz;z jFe;jjhf khw;Wk; nray;
- tpijapy; cs;s ];lhh;r; kw;wk; vz;nza; nghUs;fs; itl;lkpd;, nehjpfs;, Gujq;fs;, rh;f;fiu
nghUshf khWk;
- itl;lkpd; rp msT mjpfhpf;Fk;
- ntapy; glhj ,lj;jpy; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; (frg;G Rit ePf;f)
- ,J capUs;s nehjpfs; epiwe;j, Fiwthd fNyhhp kjpg;G nfhz;l ,aw;if czT
- itl;lkpd; V ,Uklq;F mjpfhpf;Fk; itl;lkpd; gp, rp Ie;jpy; ,Ue;J gj;J klq;F mjpfhpf;Fk;
- jdpkq;fs; fhy;rpak;, [pq;f;, ,Uk;G Mfpait cs;sd.
- Kisfl;ba kq;gPd;]; rikaYf;F Vw;wJ
- gPd;]py; Kisfs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;JtJ Vw;wJ
- Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;];Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd;]; Kisfs; nfLjyhdJ
- nyz;by;];, fWg;G fz; gPd;];, ghh;bhp[; gl;lhzp, Nth;fliy Nghd;wit vspjpy; rPuzk;
milahky; thA njhe;juT jUk;.
26. Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;Gw;W Neha;
- nry;fs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; gphpe;J, tsh;e;J, ,wf;Fk;. (mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];).(mNghg;lhrp];). ,jpy; FiwghL NeUk;
NghJ xOq;fw;w nry; gphpjy; eilngw;W mrhjhuzkhd nry;fs; Njhd;wp cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F
fl;L glhky; jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
- ,J Nghy; [Pd;fspd; Fiwghl;lhy; ngUFk; epiy njhlf;f epiy
- fjphtPr;R, itu]; njhw;W kw;Wk; rpy Ntjpg; nghUs;fshy; Jz;lg;gLk;
- Gw;W nry; ,uj;j xl;lk; %ykhf kw;w ,lq;fSf;F gutp Gw;W fl;bfis cz;Lgz;Zk; ,J
,uz;lhk; epiy (nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)(nkl;lh];lhrp];)
- kr;rk; kw;Wk; kUtpy; nghpa mstpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtJ Njhy; Gw;wpd; (nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh)(nkyNdhkh) mwpFwp
- tha;, ehf;fpy; ntz;Gs;sp Njhd;WtJ tha; Gw;wpd; mwpFwp
- tpe;J igapDs; rpW fl;b cUthtJk; mwpFwpahFk;
- %isg;Gw;W ek; mwpAk; jpwid kOq;fbj;JtpLk;
- fizag; Gw;W fy;yPuy;, euk;G kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; %ykhf Njhy;, fz;fSf;F gutyhk;
- ngUq;Fly; Gw;why; tapw;WNghf;F kyr;rpf;fy; kyj;Jthuj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;
- %j;jpug;ig Gw;W (Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;)(Guh];nll;) Nehahy; mbf;fb rpWePh; fopj;jy; my;yJ ePz;l Neuk; fopj;J
rpWePh; fopj;jy; Nghd;w cghij Vw;gLk;
27. Gw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tifGw;W Neha; tif
m. fhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkhfhh;rpNdhkh – clypd; Gwk;, mfg;gFjp Gw;W Neha;
(EiuaPuy;, khh;G, kyf;Fly; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;)
M. rhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkhrhh;f;Nfhkh - vYk;G, FUj;njYk;G, nfhOg;Gg; gFjp Gw;WNeha;
(,izg;Gj; jpR, jir kw;Wk; jhq;F jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;)
,. ypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkhypk;Nghkh - epzePh; Kbr;R kw;Wk; Neha; jil fhg;G kz;ly jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
<. Yf;NfkpahYf;NfkpahYf;NfkpahYf;Nfkpah – vYk;G k[;i[ kw;Wk; ,uj;j xl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
c. mbNdhkhmbNdhkhmbNdhkhmbNdhkh – ijuha;L, gpl;A+l;lhp, ml;hpdy; kw;Wk; gpw Rug;gpfspy; fhzg;gLk;.
28. Gw;WGw;WGw;WGw;WNeha;Neha;Neha;Neha; jLj;jy; Kiwfs;jLj;jy; Kiwfs;jLj;jy; Kiwfs;jLj;jy; Kiwfs;
- Gifgpbj;jiy jtph;j;jy; (EiuaPuy; Gw;W jLf;fyhk;)
- fha;fwp, goq;fs; mjpfk; cz;Zjy;
- mirt czT tiffis tpl fha;fwp ehh;rj;J kw;Wk; epiwTw;w nfhOg;G mkpyk; mlq;fpaJ
- CWfha; kw;Wk; cg;G mjpfk; cs;s cztpid jtph;f;fNtz;Lk;
- fPNkhnjugpfPNkhnjugpfPNkhnjugpfPNkhnjugp, nubNah njugpnubNah njugpnubNah njugpnubNah njugp, `hh;Nkhdy; njug`hh;Nkhdy; njug`hh;Nkhdy; njug`hh;Nkhdy; njugp Nghd;wtw;why; Gw;W Nehia Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
kdpj cly; ,af;fk;kdpj cly; ,af;fk;kdpj cly; ,af;fk;kdpj cly; ,af;fk;
1. kdpj nray;ghLfs; - vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; jirfspdhy; eilngWfpd;wd.
2. ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ jir, vYk;Gfis ,Of;f kl;Lk; nra;Ak;
3.3.3.3. jir ehz;fs;jir ehz;fs;jir ehz;fs;jir ehz;fs;
- jbj;j ,io (jfL) Nghd;w ,izg;G jpRtpd; khWgl;l mikg;G.
- jirfis vYk;Gld; ,izf;Fk;
- jir vYk;Gld; ,Wf;fkhfTk; mirTf;F (RUq;Fjy;, ,Oj;jy;) Vw;wthWk; ,ize;jJ.
- ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ Kjypy; jir jsh;j;jg;gLk; mNj rkak; kw;w jirfs; RUq;Fk; ,jd;
fhuzkhf vYk;G efUk;
4. iffis klf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
- Nkw;ifapy; cs;s ,Ujiyj; jir,Ujiyj; jir,Ujiyj; jir,Ujiyj; jir RUq;Fk;
- fPo; ifapy; cs;s Kj;jiyj; jirKj;jiyj; jirKj;jiyj; jirKj;jiyj; jir jsUk;

5. iffis ePl;Lk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
- Nkw;ifapy; cs;s ,Ujiyj; jir jsUk;
- fPo; ifapy; cs;s Kj;jiyj; jir RUq;Fk;
6.6.6.6. vYk;GvYk;GvYk;GvYk;G
- fbdkhdJ
- ntz;zpw rhk;gy; epw nghUs;fshy; MdJ
- %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F fhy;rpak;, gh];Ngl;Lfs; kw;Wk; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; mlq;fpAs;sd
- 1 gq;F fhpkg; nghUs;fshy; MdJ (cilaf; $baJ)
- vYk;G jplg;nghUs; my;y. ffffbdkhdbdkhdbdkhdbdkhd neUf;fkhd vYk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.
7.7.7.7. vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[vYk;G k[;i[
- vYk;gpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s kpUJthd vilFiwthd cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAs;s gQ;R
Nghd;w nghUs;
- ,uj;j rptg;gZ kw;Wk; nts;isaZf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd
8. nnnnghpah];bakghpah];bakghpah];bakghpah];bak; - vYk;ig %bAs;s fbdkhd Njhy;
9. vYk;G – mtrpak;
- ek; cliyj; jhq;fp ghJfhf;f
- %is, EiuaPuy; Nghd;w cWg;Gfis ghJfhf;f
- cly; ,af;fjpw;Fk; mtrpakhFk;
10.10.10.10. vYk;GvYk;GvYk;GvYk;G - tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ---- tiftiftiftif
m. ePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;GePskhd vYk;G – njhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;Gnjhil vYk;G, fhy; vYk;G, fhy;tpuy; vYk;G, ifnaYk;G, Kd;
ifnaYk;G, iftpuy; vYk;G.
M. Fl;ilahd vYk;G – kzpf;fl;L, fZf;fhy; vYk;G
,. jl;ilahd vYk;G – kz;ilNahl;L vYk;G, fhiunaYk;G (Njhs;gl;il), Njhs; gl;ilapy;
cs;s khh;ngYk;G.
<. xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l vYk;G – kz;ilNahL Kf vYk;G kw;Wk; KJnfYk;G njhlhpd;
filrp thy; vYk;G
11. %l;Lfs;
- vYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk; FWj;njYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk; gw;fSf;Fk; vYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk;
,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; mikg;G
- ,uz;L vYk;GfSf;fpilNa cWjpahd ,izg;gpio %yk; ,ize;Js;sJ
- ,izg;gpiofs; (ligament) ,izg;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ
12.12.12.12. %l;L tiffs; (mirT mbg;gil)%l;L tiffs; (mirT mbg;gil)%l;L tiffs; (mirT mbg;gil)%l;L tiffs; (mirT mbg;gil)
m. mirAk; %l;L
M. mirah %l;L
13. %l;Lfspd; ,izg;G tif%l;Lfspd; ,izg;G tif%l;Lfspd; ,izg;G tif%l;Lfspd; ,izg;G tif
m. ehhpizg;G %l;Lfs;ehhpizg;G %l;Lfs;ehhpizg;G %l;Lfs;ehhpizg;G %l;Lfs;
- vYk;G ,izg;G jpR ehh;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
- ,ilapy; ,ilntsp ,y;iy
- mirTfs; ,y;iy
- ijay; ,izg;ghy;ijay; ,izg;ghy;ijay; ,izg;ghy;ijay; ,izg;ghy; ,izf;fg;gl;ls;sd
c.k;. kz;ilnahl;L vYk;G, Kd; fhy; vYk;Gfs; ntspfhy; vYk;GfSf;fpilNaahd ,izg;G
M. FUj;njYk;G %l;Lfs;FUj;njYk;G %l;Lfs;FUj;njYk;G %l;Lfs;FUj;njYk;G %l;Lfs;
- vYk;Gfs; FUj;njyk;Gfs; %yk; ,ize;Js;sd
- ,jpy; rpNdhtpay; ,ilntsp ,y;iyrpNdhtpay; ,ilntsp ,y;iyrpNdhtpay; ,ilntsp ,y;iyrpNdhtpay; ,ilntsp ,y;iy c.k;. fhJ kly;, %f;fpd; Edp, khh;ngYk;G
,. jput %l;Lfs; my;yJ rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfsjput %l;Lfs; my;yJ rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfsjput %l;Lfs; my;yJ rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfsjput %l;Lfs; my;yJ rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;
- Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; mirAk;
- ,ilntsp cs;sJ
- %l;Lfs; rpNdhtpay; rt;thYk; FUj;njYk;ghYk; MdJ
- ,ilntspapy; rpNdhtpay; jputk; cs;sJrpNdhtpay; jputk; cs;sJrpNdhtpay; jputk; cs;sJrpNdhtpay; jputk; cs;sJ
c.k;. ,Lg;G ,izAk; ,lk,; Njhs;gl;il vYk;G NrUkplk; fOj;J Ks;nsYk;G, fZf;fhy;
vYk;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
14. jput %l;Lfs; (rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;)jput %l;Lfs; (rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;)jput %l;Lfs; (rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;)jput %l;Lfs; (rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;)
m. ge;J fpz;z %l;L - ,izAk; xU vYk;G ge;J Nghd;Wk; kw;nwhd;W fpz;zk; Nghd;Wk;
,Uf;Fk; (Njhs;gl;il, ,Lg;ngYk;G)
M. fPy; %l;L - ,izAk; xU vYk;gpd; Kid Ftpe;Jk; kw;nwhU vYk;gpd; Kid Fope;Jk;
,Uf;Fk; (Koq;fhy;, Koq;if)
,. tOf;F %l;L - ,izAk; vYk;Gfspd; Nkw;gFjp totog;ghf ,Uf;Fk; (fZf;fhy; vYk;G,
cs;sq;if vYk;G, Njhs;gl;ilnaYk;G, khh;ngYk;G)

<. Kis %l;LKis %l;LKis %l;LKis %l;L –
- ,izAk; ,U vYk;Gfspy; xd;wpd; Kid $h;ikahfTk; cUis tbtj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
kw;nwhU vYk;G ,jd; kPJ tl;lKidahf Roy;tJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,jpy; ,izg;gpio (ligament) ghjpasT cs;sJ.
- ,J jiyapid ,lk; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk; mirf;fgjiyapid ,lk; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk; mirf;fgjiyapid ,lk; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk; mirf;fgjiyapid ,lk; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk; mirf;fg; gad;gLk;
- c.k; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ fOj;J Ks; vYk;Gfs;
15. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyk; (rl;lfk;)15. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyk; (rl;lfk;)15. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyk; (rl;lfk;)15. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyk; (rl;lfk;)
kdpj nray;ghLfshd xLjy;, elj;jy; Nghd;w gy tpjkhd mirTfSf;F gad;gLk; mikg;G -
,U ngUk; gphpT cs;sJ (m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;
(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk;(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; - cliy Neuhf itj;jpUf;f cjTk;
((((a)))) kz;ilNahL vYk;Gkz;ilNahL vYk;Gkz;ilNahL vYk;Gkz;ilNahL vYk;G – 8 jiy vYk;G 14 Kf vYk;G nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; ----22222222
((((b) KJnfYk;G njhlhKJnfYk;G njhlhKJnfYk;G njhlhKJnfYk;G njhlh; - 5 gFjpfis nfhz;lJ
1. fOj;Jg;gFjp - 7 Ks;nsOk;G cs;sJ
2. khh;Gg; gFjp - 12 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
3. tapw;Wg;gFjp - 5 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
4. ,Lg;Gg;gFjp (jpUntYk;G) – 5 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
5. thy; Ks;nsYk;G - 4 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
((((c) khh;Gf;$Lk; kw;Wkhh;Gf;$Lk; kw;Wkhh;Gf;$Lk; kw;Wkhh;Gf;$Lk; kw;Wk; khh;ngYk;Gk; khh;ngYk;Gk; khh;ngYk;Gk; khh;ngYk;Gfs;fs;fs;fs;
- EiuaPuy; ,jak; Nghd;wtw;iw ghJfhf;fpwJ
- 12 ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfs; cs;sd
- Kjy; 7 ,iz khh;ngYk;Gld; Nehpilahf ,izAk; (cz;ik tpyh vYk;G)(cz;ik tpyh vYk;G)(cz;ik tpyh vYk;G)(cz;ik tpyh vYk;G)
- mLj;Js;s 3 ,iz Nehpil ,d;wp khh;ngYk;Gld; ,ize;Js;sd (ngha; tpyh(ngha; tpyh(ngha; tpyh(ngha; tpyh
vYk;Gfs;)vYk;Gfs;)vYk;Gfs;)vYk;Gfs;)
- kPjpAs;s 11 kw;Wk; 12 tJ ,iztpyh vYk;G khh;ngYk;Gld; ,izahky; ,Uf;Fk;-
kpjf;Fk; tpyhvYk;Gkpjf;Fk; tpyhvYk;Gkpjf;Fk; tpyhvYk;Gkpjf;Fk; tpyhvYk;G
(M)(M)(M)(M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk; ---- (,izAWg;G vYk;G kz;lyk;)(,izAWg;G vYk;G kz;lyk;)(,izAWg;G vYk;G kz;lyk;)(,izAWg;G vYk;G kz;lyk;)
Njhs;gl;il vYk;G, ,Lg;G vYk;G tisak;, ifnaYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; fhy; vYk;GfSk; mlq;Fk;
(a) Njhs; gl;ilaYk;G – Njhs;gl;ilnaYk;Gk; xU fhiunaYkfhiunaYkfhiunaYkfhiunaYk; cs;sJ.
fhiunaYk;gpd; Nky; gFjpapy; fpspdha;L Fopfpspdha;L Fopfpspdha;L Fopfpspdha;L Fop cs;sJ ,jpy; Nkw;ifnaYk;G
nghUe;jpAs;sJ.
(b) ifnaYk;G –
- ePz;l Nkw; if vYk;G xd;W cs;sJ
- ,J Kd; ifnaYk;Gld; %l;L cjtpAld; ,izAk;
- Kd; ifapy; Kd;ifnaYk;G kw;Wk; Mu vYk;GMu vYk;GMu vYk;GMu vYk;G cs;sJ
- kzpf;fl;L 8 rpwpa vYk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ (4+4)
- fl;il tpuypy; ,U tpuy; vYk;G cs;sJ kw;w tpuy;fspy; 3tpuy; vYk;G cs;sJ
(c) ,Lg;G tisak; - rhf;ukrhf;ukrhf;ukrhf;uk; (jpUntYk;G) kw;Wk; xhpiz fhf;Nrfhf;Nrfhf;Nrfhf;Nr (,Lg;ngYk;G)
,uz;lhYk; MdJ
- fhf;Nrfhf;Nrfhf;Nrfhf;Nr (,Lg;ngYk;G) - ,ypak; (RtL vYk;G), ,];fpak; (,Lg;G gpizg;ngYk;G),
gpAgp]; (G+g;ngYk;G) vd;w %d;nwYk;Gfshy; MdJ.
- ,Lg;G tisaj;jpy; cs;s fpz;zf;Fop (mrpl;lhGyk;) fhy;fs; ,iza cjTk;
(d) fhy; vYk;G
- njhilapy; cs;s ePz;l vYk;G gPkh; vd;g;gLk;
- ,jd; Nky; gFjp fpz;zf;FopAld; ,izAk;
- njhilnaYk;gpd; fPo;gFjp fPo; fhy; vYk;GfSld; (Kd; fhnyYk;G kw;Wk;
fPo;fhy; ntspnaYk;G) ,izAk;
- fPo; fhy; vYk;GfSld; fZf;fhy; vYk;G ,izAk; gFjp lhy];lhy];lhy];lhy];
16. rl;lfj;jpd; Ntiyfs; (vYk;G kz;ly gzpfs;)
- jhq;Fjy; - cliy jhq;Fjy; tbtk; nfhLj;jy;
- ghJfhj;jy; - ,jak; %is EiuaPuy; ghJfhg;G
- ,af;fk; - nek;GNfhy; Nghy; nray;gl;L mirTf;F cjTk;
- Nrkpg;G - jhJ cg;Gfs; (fhy;rpak;, gh];Ngl;, fhh;gNdl;)
- cw;gj;jp - ,uj;j mZf;fs; (rpfg;G, nts;is, jl;il)
17. vYk;Gfsw;w caphpfs; - igyk; nky;Ylypfsigyk; nky;Ylypfsigyk; nky;Ylypfsigyk; nky;Ylypfs;;
18. kdpjdpy; cs;s kpf ePskhd vYk;G – njhil vYk;G (45 nr.kP)
19. kdpjdpy; cs;s kpfr;rpwpa vYk;G – mq;ftb (eL fhjpy; cs;sJ)
20. KJnfYk;gw;witfspy; cUisg;GOf;fs; kl;Lk; ePs; thl;l efh;jypy; <LgLk;.

21. kdpj clypy; cs;s vYk;Gfs;
nkhj;jk; - 206
mr;R rl;lfj;jpy; - 80 (jiy(28), KJnfYk;G(26), khh;G(25), `aha;L(1)
,izAUg;G rl;lfj;jpy; - 126
22. tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;Gfs;
- FW ,iofs;
- ePspiofs;
- ,izAWg;Gfs;
- JLg;Gfs;
- if, fhy;
- rPl;Nl kw;Wk; jirg;ghjk;
23. kPd;fs; - ,af;fk;
- ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;G – JLg;Gfs;
- bd;dp kPd;fs; - thiy gf;fthl;by; mirg;gjd; %yk; ,aq;Fk;
- gpisa];, gpsd;l;]; - jl;il mikg;G cilaJ NkYk; fPOk; ,aq;Fk;
- tpyhq;F kPd; - ePz;l cly; mikg;g cly; KOtJk; mirj;J ,aq;Fk;
- vYk;Gila kPd;fs; - fhw;W igfis nfhz;Ls;sd kpjf;f cjTk;
24. kz;GO - ,af;fk;
- tl;l kw;wk; ePs; jirfs; kw;Wk; rPl;lhf;fspd; cjtpahy; elf;Fk;
- rPl;lhf;fs; (jir ePl;rp) rPl;lhf;FopapDs; cs;sJ
- rPl;lhFop jir RUq;Ftjhy; rPl;lhf;fs; ntspNa ePl;LjYk; cs;spOf;fg;gLjYk; elf;Fk;.
- efh;r;rpapd; NghJ kz;iz gw;wpf; nfhs;s ,it cjTk;
- kz;GO efh;jypy; euk;G kz;lyKk; ,ize;J nray;gLk;
- kpUJthd gug;gpy; efu rPl;lh cjthJ
- kz; GO epkplj;jpw;F 25 nr.kP Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.
25. fug;ghd; G+r;rp - ,af;fk;
- tapw;W Gwj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhy;fs; cjTfpd;wd
- ,U ,iz ,wf;if cs;sJ. Kd; ,iz ,wf;if jbj;JapUf;Fk; ,J G+r;rpapd; cliy
ghJfhf;Fk;
- gpd; ,iz ,wf;if nkd;ikahd rt;thy; MdJ. ,J gwf;f cjTk;
26. ghk;G - ,af;fk;
- ePhpy; miy tbt ,af;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; (S tbt ,af;fk;)
- fOj;J gFjpapy; njhlq;Fk; RUf;f mirT cly; KOtJk; flj;jg;gl;L Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yk;
- ghiw, gs;sq;fs;, fpisfs; - nrjpy;fs; gw;Wtjd; %yk; ,lk;ngaUk;
27. gwitfs; - ,af;fk;
- fhw;wpy; gwf;Fk; tz;zk; $h; mikg;Gs;sJ
- gwitfspd; ,wf;iffs; - Kd;dq;fhypd; etPd khw;WU
- epiyahf epw;f eq;$u tbtk; cs;s jir, vYk;Gjl;bd; (fPy;) cjtpAld; khh;gpy;
,ize;Js;sJ.
- Njhs;gl;il jirfSld; ,ize;j ,wf;if NkYk; fPOk; mirtjhy; ,af;fk; eilngUfpwJ.
- ngUk;ghyhd gwitfs; gwf;Fk; Kiw
fPo;Nehf;F mirT – fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;yhJ
Nky;Nehf;F mirT – fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;Yk;
,wq;Fjy; - ,wf;if RUf;fg;gLk;
jhtu cyfk;
G+Q;irfs;
1. tpl;Nlf;fhpd; Ie;Jyf tifg;ghl;by; ,J 3tJ cyfkhf cs;sJ
2. gr;irak; ,y;iy ,tw;why; czT jahhpf;f KbahJ
3. Nkhy;Lfs;, fhshd;fs;, Nlhl;];^];, milg;Gf;Fwp G+Q;ir, kw;Wk; g/g; ge;Jfs; Nghd;wit
cjhuzq;fs;
4. xU nry;yhy; Md G+Q;ir - <];l;
5. gy nry;yhy; Md G+Q;ir – iuNrhg];, mfhhpf];, m];ngh;[py;y];
6. G+Q;irfspd; clyk; ikrPyak; MFk; i`ghf;fs; ,ize;J ikrPypak; cUthFk;
7. ,dg;ngUf;fk; - ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;

8. G+Q;irfspd; tif ( czT+l;l mbg;gilapy;)
(m) xl;lz;zp - gpw jhtuq;fisr; rhh;e;J thOk; (gf;rPdpah)
(M) rhWz;zp - ,we;j mOfpa nghUspy; tsUk; (mfhhpf]; kw;Wk; iuNrhg];)
(,) $l;Laphpfs;
1. iyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fsiyf;fd;fs; (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghrp)
2.ikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurhikf;Nfhiurh (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; cah; jhtuNth;)
9. ,J tiu fz;lwpag;gl;l G+Q;irapdq;fs; - 100000
10. iyf;fd;fs; - Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;gpid czh;j;Jk; caphp fhl;bfs;
11. G+Q;irfs; tifg;ghL
(m) irNfhikNfhlh – nuhl;b fhshd;
(M) M];NfhikNfhlh – Nfhg;ig G+Q;ir
(,) ngrpbNahikNfhl;lh – fZtb G+Q;ir
(<) AnlNuhikNfhl;lh – ngdprPypak;
12. cz;zj; jFe;j fhshd;fs;
- mjpfsT cz;zg;gLgit – mfhhpf]; (nghj;jhd; fhshd;)
- Rkhh; 2000 tif fhshd;fs; cz;zj;jFe;jit
- Gujk; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; mjpfsT cs;sd
- c.k; mfhhpf]; fk;ng];l;hp]; kw;Wk; mfhhpf]; ig];Nghu];
13. er;R fhshd;fs; (Nlhl;];^y;];)(Nlhl;];^y;];)(Nlhl;];^y;];)(Nlhl;];^y;];)
- gpufhrkhd epwq;fSld; fhzg;gLk;
- c.k;. mkhdplh k];fhhp]; kw;Wk; mkhdplh gy;Nyha;l;];
14. Ez;Zaph; vjph; nghUs;
- Ntjpg;nghUs;. xU caphpdj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;L kw;nwhU caphpdj;ij mopf;fNth
my;yJ mjd; tsh;r;rpapid jil nra;aNth gad;gLk;
- ngdprpypd;, ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;, epNahikrpd,; fhdhikrpd;, n[d;Nlhikrpd;, vhpj;Nuhikrpd;
Nghd;wit cjhuzq;fs;
- ngdprpypd; - ngdprPypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;Dk; G+Q;irapy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
15. itl;lkpd; gp (iuNghgpNstpd;) – jahhpg;G
- m];/g;ah fh]pg; kw;Wk; vhpNkhjPrpak; m];/g; G+Qir gad;gLk;
16. G+Q;ir Neha;fs;
(m) kdpjd; - ikNfhr]; (Njhy;, efk;, Kb)
- ghjg;gil glh;jhkiu
(M)tpyq;Ffs; - vh;fhl; kw;Wk; ghjg;gil
(,)jhtuq;fs; - JU Neha;, fUg;gOfy;, fWk;Gs;sp, kw;Wk; Nfd;fh;
17. gfw;fdT G+Q;ir my;yJ csT G+Q;ir – fpshtp];nrg;]; gh;gh;hpah
18. xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk; G+Q;ir – M];gh;[py;y];
19. xt;thikapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; G+Q;ir – fpsh];Nlh];Nghhpak;
20. Crpf; fhshd; - kpA+f;fh; (kl;Fz;zp G+Q;ir)
21. kugpay; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLk; G+Q;ir –epA+Nuh];Nghuh, M];ngh;[py;y];
22. cUisapy; nkd; mOfy; Neha; - igl;NlhNjhuh ,d;ng];ld;];
23. fliyapy; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; - nrh;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;Nrhndl;lh
24. fUk;gpy; rpfg;gOfy; Neha; - nfhypl;Nlh biuf;fk; gy;Nfl;lk;
25. gUj;jpapy; thly; Neha; - gA+Nrhpak;
26. <];bd; jhtutpay; ngah; - rhf;Nuhikrp]; nrhptprpNa
ghrpfs;
1.1.1.1. ghrp gz;Gfs;ghrp gz;Gfs;ghrp gz;Gfs;ghrp gz;Gfs;
- gr;irak; cs;s G+thj; jhtug; gphpitr; rhh;e;jJ
- xU nry;yhfNth gy nry;yhfNth fhzg;gLk;
- ,io my;yJ fpisj;j kuk; Nghd;Nwh fhzg;gLk;
- jhNk czT jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
- nry; Rth; nry;YNyhrhy; MdJ.
2. ,dg;ngUf;Fk;
- Jz;lhjy; (nt[pNll;bt;) – c.k; ];igNuhifuh
- ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; - ];Nghh;fs; %yk; elf;Fk;
- ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; - (1)Vzp ,izT (2)gf;f ,izT (c.k; ];igNuhifuh)
- ghy; cWg;Gfs; %yk; - Me;jphPbak;, Mh;f;fpNfhzpak; <LgLk; (c.k; fhuh)

3. ghrpfspd; tifg;ghL (epwkpfspd; mbg;gilapy;)
(m) raNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lhraNdhigl;lh – c.k; M]py;yNlhhpah kw;Wk; eh];lhf;
tz;zk; - ePyg;gr;ir
epwkp - igNfhradpd;
Nrkpg;G czT – raNdh igrpad; ];lhh;r;
(M) FNshNuhiglFNshNuhiglFNshNuhiglFNshNuhigl;lh;lh;lh;lh – c.k;. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; & vd;bNuhkhh;gh
(Ez; My;fh)
tz;zk; - gr;ir
epwkp - gr;irak;
Nrkpg;G czT - ];lhh;r;
(,) NgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lhNgNahigl;lh - c.k;. rh;fh]k; (fly;fis)
tz;zk; - gOg;G
epwkp - g;A+Nfh]he;jpd;
Nrkpg;G czT – yhkpNdhpad; ];lhh;r;
(<) NuhNlhigl;lhNuhNlhigl;lhNuhNlhigl;lhNuhNlhigl;lh - c.k; ghypirNghdpah & fphpndy;yh
tz;zk; - rptg;G
epwkp - igNfhvhpj;hpd;
nrkpg;G czT – GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r;
4. ghrpfspd; gad;
(m) czT – cy;th, Nykpndhpah, rh;fh]k;, FNshnuy;yh
(M) mfh; mfh;
- Nrhjidr; rhiyapy; jhtuq;fis tsh;f;fg; gad;gLk; tsh;jsk;
- rptg;G ghrpapy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;
- c.k; n[ypbak; kw;Wk; fpuh]pNyhpah
(,) mNahbd; - NykpNdhpahtpy; (gOg;G ghrp) ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;
(<) tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; gad;jUk; ghrp
- FNshnuy;yh kw;Wk; ignuNdha; Nlh]h
- kdpjdpd; rpWePiu rpijf;f kw;Wk; fopTfis ePf;f
5. kpf Ntfkhf tsUk; fly; fis - ,uhl;rj nfy;g; (fypNghh;dpah) 150 kPl;lh; tiu tsUk;
6. xU nry; ghrp cjhuzk; - FNshnuy;yh, fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
7. gy nry; ghrp cjhuzk; - ];igNuhifuh
8. ePh;g; gl;L vd miof;fg;gLtJ - ];igNuhifuh
9. fhydp mikT nfhz;l ghrp - thy;thf;]; ($l;likT)
10. fphPd; <];l; vd miof;fg;gLk; ghrp – fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
11. My;fhy[p (igf;fhy[p) – ghrpfs; gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT
12. igl;Nlhgpshq;ld; - jdpj;J ePhpy; ePe;Jk; Ez;zpa My;fh
13. nge;jpf; – fly; mbapy; xl;b thOk; My;fh
14. vgpigl;Lfs; - njhw;W tho;f;if thOk; My;fh
15. ypj;Njhigl; - ghiw tho; My;fh
16. My;fh g;Sk; - ePhpy; My;fhtpd; ngUf;fk; (Mf;]p[d; FiwAk;)
gpiuNahigl;LfsgpiuNahigl;LfsgpiuNahigl;LfsgpiuNahigl;Lfs;;
1. G+thj; jhtuk;
2. ePhpy; cUthfp epyj;jpy; thOk; jftikg;ig ngw;wit
3. G+f;Fk; jd;ikaw;w ,U tho;tpfs; vdg;gLk;
4. kuq;fs; kw;Wk; ghiwfspy; rpW jhtuq;fshf tsUk;
5. th];Fyhh; jpR ,y;iy (iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak;)
6. jhy]; jhtu clyk; cs;sJ – hpf;]pah, khh;fd;~pah, GNdhpah
7. Nkk;gl;l jhtu clyk; cs;sJ – kh]; (Nth;,jz;L,,iy cz;L)
8. tho;f;if Row;rp – re;jjp khw;wk; cz;L
(m) Kjy; re;jjp NfkpNlhigl; -jhy]; (n re;jjp n`g;sha;L)
- ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- Mz; cWg;G – Me;j;hPbak; (fij tbtk;)
- ngz; cWg;G – Mh;f;fpNfhdpak; (ePs Flit tbtk;)
(M) ,uz;lhk; re;jjp ];NghNuhigl; (2n re;jjp bg;sha;L)
- ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- ];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; Jz;lhjy; Kiwapy; elf;Fk;
9. gpiuNahigl;Lfs; tifg;ghL
(m) n`ghbNf – c.k; hpf;rpah (NtWghL milahj clyk;)
(M) Me;j;Njhnrul;Nl – c.k; Me;j;NjhrpNuh];
(,) k];i] - g;A+Ndhpah (Nth; jz;L, ,iy NtWghL cz;L)

10. gpiuigl;Lfs; - gad;fs;
m. vhpnghUs; - gPl; kh]; kw;Wk; ];ghf;dk;
M. Giu jLg;ghd; - ];ghf;dk;
,. tpij ehw;wq;fhy; kw;Wk; gRik ,y;yk; -];ghf;dk;
<. kz;zhpg;ig jLf;fk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ gpiuNahigl;Lfs;
c. Kd;G Foe;ijfs; fhy;rl;ilahf gad;gl;lJ - ];ghf;dk; kh];
nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;
1. th];Fyhh; fphpg;Nlhnfk;fsth];Fyhh; fphpg;Nlhnfk;fsth];Fyhh; fphpg;Nlhnfk;fsth];Fyhh; fphpg;Nlhnfk;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk; my;yJ rhw;Wf; Foha; fw;iwg; ngw;w
jhtuq;fs; (iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; mikg;G)
2. [_uhrpf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J tho;e;J tUk; jhtuq;fs;
3.3.3.3. jhtu mikg;Gjhtu mikg;Gjhtu mikg;Gjhtu mikg;G
- iuNrhk; - jiuabj; jz;L (kl;l epyj; jz;L)
- ];Nlhyd;fs; - jhtuj;jpd; gf;f thl;L fpisfs;
- ];lhf; - ,iyfis cila rpwpa fpisfs;
- g;uhz;l; - ,wF Nghd;w nghpa ,iyfs; ,jpy; rpw;wpiy cs;sJ
- ,it rh;rpNdl; vdg;gLk; fbfhu RUs; ,iy mikT nfhz;lJ
- Nukz;l;lh - ,iyf; fhk;ig %bapUf;Fk; gOg;G epw nrjpy;
4.4.4.4. ,dg;ngUf;fk;,dg;ngUf;fk;,dg;ngUf;fk;,dg;ngUf;fk;
re;jjp khw;wk; - ];NghNuhigl; kw;Wk; Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiy cz;L
m. ];NghNuhigl; epiym. ];NghNuhigl; epiym. ];NghNuhigl; epiym. ];NghNuhigl; epiy
- ];Nghh;fs; %yk; elf;Fk;
- g;uhz;L ,iyfspd; fPo;Gwk; ];Nghh;fs; cs;sd
- ,d;^rpak; - ];Nghh; igia %ba mikg;G (rpWePuf tbtk;)
- ];Nghh;fs; N`hNkh];Nghh;fs; my;yJ n`bNuh];Nghh;fs;
- ];Nghh;fs; ntspNaWtJld; ,e;j epiy KbTngWk;
- ,j;jhtu tiffspy tpijfs; fpilahJ
M. Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiyM. Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiyM. Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiyM. Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiy
- Nfkpl;Nlhigl; clyk; GNuhjhy]; (,ja tbtk;)
- Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiyapy; Me;j;hPbakMe;j;hPbakMe;j;hPbakMe;j;hPbak; (Kl;il tbtk;) Mh;f;fpNfhdpakMh;f;fpNfhdpakMh;f;fpNfhdpakMh;f;fpNfhdpak; (FLit tbtk;)
5.5.5.5. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; tifg;ghLnlhpNlhigl;Lfs; tifg;ghLnlhpNlhigl;Lfs; tifg;ghLnlhpNlhigl;Lfs; tifg;ghL
m. i]yhg;]plh – (c.k;) i]Nyhl;lk;
M. iyNfhg;]plh – (c.k;) iyNfhNghbak;
(fpsg;kh];)
,. ];gPdhg;]plh - (c.k;) <f;Arpl;lk;
(Fjpiuthy; nguzp)
<. Buhg;rplh - (c.k;) neg;Nuhnyg;gp];
6.6.6.6. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; gad;fs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; gad;fs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; gad;fs;nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; gad;fs;
m. nguzpfs; mofhf ,Ug;gjhy; moF nrbahf gad;gLfpwJ
M. khh;]pypah - czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ
,. l;uahg;nlhp]; - tapw;Wg;G+r;rp mfw;wpahf gad;gLfpwJ
<. iyNfhNghbak; - nghb kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ
7. nlhpNlhigl;Lfis tifg;gLj;jpath; - ];kpj;
8. xNu khjphpahd ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fk; jhtu $l;lk; -N`hNkh];nghh;
9. ntt;NtW tifahd ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fk; jhtu $l;lk; - n`l;bNuh];Nghh;fs;
10. mbahe;jk; - kq;ifah; $e;jy; nguzp vd miof;fg;gLk;
G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
([pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;)
1. ,U ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ
m. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; (jpwe;j tpij cila jhtuk;)
M. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; (%ba tpij cila jhtuk;)
2. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;
- NtWghLs;s jhtu clyk; (Nth; jz;L ,iy)
- MzpNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ
- Nfkpl;Nlhigl; kw;Wk; ];NghNuhigl; epiyfs; cz;L
- tpijfs; jpwe;jit fdpj;Njhypdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;fhJ
- gy;yhz;L thof;$ba kuq;fs;. rpy Gjh; nrbfshf cs;sd.
- tho;f;if Row;rpapy; n`l;bNuhkhh;gpf; re;jjp fhzg;gLk;
- `pkhyah gpuNjrj;jpy; Crp ,iyf; fhLfspy; mjpfk; cs;sJ

3. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; tifg;ghL
m. irfNly;];irfNly;];irfNly;];irfNly;]; - c.k. irf];
- gid Nghd;w rpwpa kuk;
- rpwF $l;biy cs;sJ
- $k;G tbt cr;rp kuj;jpw;F cs;sJ
- Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G cs;sJ
M. [pq;f;Nf[pq;f;Nf[pq;f;Nf[pq;f;NfhNay;];hNay;];hNay;];hNay;]; - c.k;. [pq;Nfh igNyhgh
- tprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisftprpwp tbt ,iyfisf; nfhz;l kuk;
- ehw;wk; juf;$baJ
,. NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;];NfhdpngNuy;]; - c.k;. igd];
-$k;G tbt Njhw;wk; nfhz;l kuq;fs;
- ,iyfs; Crp kw;Wk; nrjpy;fs; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf,wf;ifAila tpijfisf; nfhz;lJ
<. ePl;Nly;];ePl;Nly;];ePl;Nly;];ePl;Nly;]; - c.k;. ePl;lk;
- #y;fs; G+g;Nghd;w jz;bd; kPJ jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sJ
- cah; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rpwpa jhtu $l;lk;
- ePl;ly;]; jhtuj;jpy; kl;Lk; iryf; Foha;fsiryf; Foha;fsiryf; Foha;fsiryf; Foha;fs; cs;sd
4. [pk;ndh];ngh;k;fs; - gad;fs;
igd; - kuf;fl;il vz;nza; kw;wk; nurpd;, thh;dp];, ngapz;L
Vgpl;uh – vgpl;hpd; vd;Dk; My;fyha;L (M];Jkh kUe;J)
ePl;lk; - %l;L thjj;ij Fzg;gLj;j cjTk;
mfj;jp]; - fhfpj $o; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ (fhfpjk;)
muf;Nfhpah – moF jhtukhf gad;gLfpwJ (Fuq;fpd; Gjph;)
nrl;u]; - vz;nza; khh;G rspf;F kUe;J
nrl;u]; - jukhd kuf;fl;il jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ
5. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy; kpf ePskhd jhtuk; - nrf;Nfhah
MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs;
(%ba tpijAila jhtuk;)
1. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; kpfg;nghpa njhFjp
2. 286000 rpw;wpdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
3. rpWnrb, Gjh; nrb, nfhb kuq;fshf tsh;fpd;wd
4. iryk;, GNshak; cz;L
5. ,U ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ
m. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; - NkNdh fhl;byplNd
- tpijapDs; xNu xU tpj;jpiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ
- ry;ypNth; njhFg;G cz;L
- ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikT cz;L
- my;yp tl;lk;, Gy;yp tl;lk; NtWghL ,y;iy
- G+tpjo; tl;lk; cs;sJ
- %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; cs;sd
- jz;by; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; tputpAs;sd
- ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp ,y;iy
- kyhpd; mq;fq;fs; 3d; klq;Ffshf mikAk;.
- c.k;. Gy;, ney;, Nrhsk;, NfhJik
M. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; - il fhl;byplNd
- tpijapDs; ,U tpj;jpiyfis nfhz;Ls;sJ
- MzpNth; njhFg;G cz;L
- tiy euk;gikT cz;L
- my;yp tl;lk;, Gy;yp tl;lk; NtWghL cz;L
- kyhpd; mq;fq;fs; 4 5my;yJ mjd; klq;Ffshf mikAk;
- c.k;. mtiu, gl;lhzp, kh
6. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; kpf ePskhd jhtuk; - A+fypg;l];

Nthpd; mikg;G
1. iuNrhnlh;kp]; - Nthpd; Gwj;Njhy; ,jpy; Nth;j; Jhtpfs; cs;sd
2. fhh;nlf;]; - iuNrhnlh;kpir mLj;Js;s mLf;F. flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jYf;F cjTk;
3. iryk; nt]y; - Nthpy; ,Ue;J kw;w ghfq;fSf;F ePiu flj;Jk;
4. GNshak; nt]y; - xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l czit ,iyapy; ,Ue;j jhtuj;jpd;
gpw cWg;GfSf;F flj;Jk;
5. ,izg;Gj; jpR – iryj;ijAk;, GNshaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; jpR
6. gpj; -
- Nthpd; ikag;gFjp.
- xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;
- czT Nrkpg;gjpy; gad;gLfpwJ
7. jz;bd; mikg;G
f;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfpsf;A+l;bfps; - ,iyapd; Nky;Gwk; mike;js;s nkOF glyk;
vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp];vgpnlh;kp]; - cUis tbtk; cilait. ghJfhg;G mspf;fk; ,jpy; ,Ue;J Nth;j;Jhtp
cUthFk;
fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;];fhh;nlf;]; - %d;W gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
m) Nfhyd;ifkh – jbg;ghdJ – jhq;Fjy; gzp
M) Fnshud;ifkh – nky;ypaJ gr;irak; cs;sJ (xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjtp )
,) ghud;ifkh – nky;ypa Rth; - Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhw;Nwhl;lk;
vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp];vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; - ];lhh;r; ciw – gPg;gha; tbtk; - ghJfhg;G
flj;jy; gzp
nghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fpsnghpirf;fps; -];fpspnud;ifkhTk; ghud;ifkhTk; mike;Js;sd.
th];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iwth];Fyhh;fw;iw
m) g;nshak; - czTf; flj;jy;
M) iryk; - ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; flj;jy;
,) Nfk;gpak; - ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp
gpjgpjgpjgpj; - eLtpy; cs;s mikg;G flj;jpy; cjTk;
FWf;F fjphFWf;F fjphFWf;F fjphFWf;F fjph; - th];Fyhh; fw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa cs;sJ
8. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy – mikg;G
m) fpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfpsfpA+l;bfps; - Gwj;Njhypd; ntsp mLf;F
M) Nkw;g;Gwj;Njhy; - cUis tbtk;. ghJfhg;gpy; cjTk;
,) ghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkhghypN]L ghud;ifkh
- Foha; tbt nry;
- gRq;fzpfq;fis ngw;Ws;sd. Xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk;
<) ];ghd;rp ghud;ifkh];ghd;rp ghud;ifkh];ghd;rp ghud;ifkh];ghd;rp ghud;ifkh –
- Kl;il tbt nry;
- gRq;fzpfk; ,y;iy. Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; flj;jypy; cjTk;
c) th];Fyhh; fw;iw – iryk;, GNshak; cs;sJ (ePh; & czT flj;jy;)
C) fPo;g;Gwj;Njhy;
- cUis tbt nry;
- ,iyj; Jisfs; cs;sd –ePuhtpg;Nghf;F& thAghpkhw;wk;
9. INrhigNyl;luyINrhigNyl;luyINrhigNyl;luyINrhigNyl;luy; - xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapy; ghypN]L my;yJ ];ghd;]p ghud;ifkh
,uz;by; VNjDk; xd;W kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
10. lhh;rp ntz;l;uylhh;rp ntz;l;uylhh;rp ntz;l;uylhh;rp ntz;l;uy; - ,U tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; ghypN]L kw;Wk;
];ghd;]p ghud;ifkh ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
11. ];By];By];By];By; - ikaj;jpy; iryk; mike;J mjidr; Rw;wp GNshak; jpR #og;gl;l mikg;G
11. vz;Nlh];By;vz;Nlh];By;vz;Nlh];By;vz;Nlh];By; - ];BYf;F cs; fhzg;gLk; mikg;G. ghud;ifkh ];fpspud;ifkh gpj;
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
12.12.12.12. GNshak;GNshak;GNshak;GNshak;
- czitf; flj;Jk; XU $l;L jpR
- gy tif nry;fshy; MdJ
- ry;yilf; Foha;, Jiznry;, GNshak; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; GNshak; ehh;fs;.

13.13.13.13. iryk;iryk;iryk;iryk;
- ePh; kw;wk; fdpkq;fisf; flj;Jk; xU $l;L jpR
- l;uf;fPL, iryk; Foha;, iryk; ehh;fs;, iryk; ghud;ifkh Nghd;w nry;fs; cs;sd.
14. %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw – xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; ,ilNa
Nfk;gpak; ,y;yhj mikg;G
15. jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwjpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw - ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; GNshak; ,ilNa Nfk;gpak;
cs;s mikg;G
Ez;Zaphpfs;
itu];
1. itu]; - yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy; nghUs; - eQ;R
2. bkpl;hpf; ItNdh];fp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
3. w.m. ];lhd;yp – itui] gbf tbtpy; gphpj;jth;
4. ituhy[p – itu];fis gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT
5. vy;iyf;NfhL - ,it capUs;s capuw;w gz;Gfis nfhz;l caphpfspd; vy;iyf;NfhL
6. tpUe;Njhk;gp nry; - itu]; jd;id ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s cjTk; caphp.
7. nry; glyk;, tsh;rpij khw;w cWg;G ,y;iy
8. Nfg;]pl; - itui] Rw;wpAs;s ciw
9. kuGg; nghUs; - DNA (OR) RNA
10. tphpahd; - xU KOikahd itu];
11. TMV – Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l itu]; (Gifapiy nkhirf;)
12. ghf;BhpahNg[; - ghf;Bhpahitj; jhf;fk; itu];
13. igNfhNg[; - ghrpia jhf;fk; itu];
14. igl;NlhNg[; - jhtuq;fis jhf;Fk; itu]; (RNA itu];)
15. #Ng[; - tpyq;ffisj; jhf;Fk; itu]; (DNA itu];)
16. ikf;NfhNg[; - G+Q;irfisj; jhf;Fk; itu];
17. raNdhNg[; - ePyg; gRk; ghrpfisj; jhf;fk; itu];
18. RUs; tbt itu]; - TMV kw;wk; ,d;GSnad;]h
19. fdrJu tbtk; - HIV( nul;Nuh) kw;Wk; mbNdhitu];
20. Gw;W Neha; - Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu]; (irkd; itu]; (sv40))
21. AIDS – HIV itu]; gug;Gk;
22. SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (NfhNuh itu];)
23. Ntwpeha;f;fb – Nugp]; (yp];]h itu];)
24. nghd;Df;F tPq;fp – ghuhkpf;Nrh itu];
25. kQ;rs; fhkhiy – n`gilb]; itu];
26. nlq;F – gpNstp
27. gd;wp fha;r;ry; - ];itd; ,d;GSad;]h (A H1 N1)
ghf;Bhpah
1. Md;ld; thd; ypA+td; `f; vd;gth; fz;Lgpbj;jhh; (1675)
2. Vud;gh;f; - ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;
3. ,uhgh;l; Nfhr; - Neha;fSf;Fk; Ez;ZaphpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G
4. Yhap gh];lh; - n[k; nfhs;if (Neha;fs; gw;wpaJ)
5. ghf;Bhpah – mikg;G
m) GNuhNfhpahbf; nry;yhy; MdJ
M) nry;Rth; - ghJfhg;ig mspf;Fk;
,) GNuhl;Nlhgpsh]k; - nry;Yf;F cs;Ns cs;s capUs;s nghUs;. nry;rt;T,
irl;Nlhgpshrk;, epA+f;spa]; vd gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
<) Nfhy;if cWg;G, iyNrhNrhk;, ikl;Nlhfhz;lhpah, vz;Nlhgpshr tiy Nghd;wit ,y;iy
c) epwkpfs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (FNshNuhgpy;)
C) epA+f;spa]; gFjpapy; tl;l tbt <hpio bvd;V cs;sJ
v) gpsh];kpl; - irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s [PNdhk; ,y;yhj bvd;V
V) nry;Rthpy; firapio fhzg;gLfpwJ (efh;Tf;F cjTk;)
I) rpy ghf;Bhpahf;fspy; mstpy; rpwpa igy]; (m) gpk;ghpNa cs;sJ. ,J ghf;Bhpah
,izjypy; cjTk;
6. ghf;Bhpah msT – ikf;uhd; myfhy; msf;fg;gLk;
0.2 Kjy; 1.5 ikf;uhd; tpl;lk;
3 Kjy; 5 ikf;uhd; ePsk;

7. ghf;Bhpah tif – tbtk; mbg;gilapy;
m) fhf;f]; - Nfhs(m)cUis tbtk;
M) N;grpy;y]; - Nfhy; (m) Fr;rp tbtk;
,) ];ighpy;yk; - jpUF (m) RUs; tbtk;
<) tpg;hpNah – fhy;Gs;sp (m) fkh tbtk;
8. ghf;Bhpah tif – firapio mbg;gilapy;
m) xw;iw firapio – xU Kidapy; kl;Lk; firapio ,Uf;Fk;
M),UKid firapio - ,U KiaapYk; firapio cs;sJ
,)xU fw;iw firapio – xU Kidapy; fw;iwahf ,Uf;Fk;
<)nghpl;iuf]; - nry;iyr; Rw;wp firapio cs;sJ
c)firapio mw;wit (Atrichous) – firapio fpilahJ
9. Mh;j;Nuhghf;lh; - xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tbtk; nfhz;l ghf;Bhpah
10. ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs;
ilgha;L - rhy;Nkhndy;yh ilgp
fhyuh - tpg;hpNah fhyNu
gpNsf; - vh;rpdpah ng];b];
rpgpyp]; - l;hpg;NghdpNkhghyplk; rpgpyp]; (ghy;tpid Neha;)
ep];Nrhpah nfhNdhhpah – ep];Nrhpah ghf;Bhpak; (ghy;tpid Neha;)
l;A+gh; FNshrp]; - ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak;
njhONeha; - ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak; Nyg;Nu
ney; - ntg;GNeha; (gpisl;) - rhe;NjhNkhdh]; xiuN]
gUj;jp - Nfhz ,iyg; Gs;sp – rhe;NjhNkhdh]; khyNtrpNauk;
Nghp - jP ntg;G Neha; - #lhNkhdh]; NrhyNdrpNauk;
Nful; - nkd; mOfy; Neha; - vh;tpdpah Nful;NlhNthuh
cUis – tpy;l; Neha; - #lhNkhdh]; nrhyudhrPahuk;
vYkpr;ir – rpl;u]; Neha; - rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp
ML – Me;jpuhf;]; - Ngrpy;y]; Me;j;uhrp];
khL – GUnry;kyhrp]; - GUnry;Nyh mNghh;lr];
nrk;kwp ML – GUnry;yh nkypg;nld;rp];
11. ghf;Bhpah ed;ikfs;
m) ,aw;ifapd; Jg;Gwthsh;fs; - ,we;j jhtu tpyq;F clk;gpy; cs;s Gujq;fis, mk;Nkhdpah
iel;Nul;Lfs; kw;wk; iel;iul;Lfshf khw;Wk;.
M) mk;Nkhdpahit epiyepWj;Jk; ghf;Bhpah – ghrpy;y]; uNkh]];
,) iel;hpigapq; ghf;Bhpah – iel;Nuhghf;lh;, iel;NuhNrhNkhdh];
<) iel;u[id epiyepWj;Jk ghf;Bhpah – mrNlhghf;lh;, fpsh];l;hPbak;, iuNrhgpak;
c) tpdpfh; jahhpg;G – mrpl;Nlhghf;lh; mrpl;il
C) gpA+l;ily; My;f`hy; kw;Wk; kPj;ijy; My;f`hy; - fpsh];l;hPbak; mrNlh G+l;bypf;fk;
v) ];nlg;l;Nuhikrpd; - ];nlg;l;Nuhikrp]; fpNurpa];
V) ghrpl;uhd; - Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];
c) ghiy japuhf khw;w - ];l;nug;nlhfhf;f]; yhf;b];
C) eWkzk; - ghrpy;y]; nkfhjPhpak; (Njapiy, Nfhf;Nfh, fhg;gpnfhl;il)
ghrpfs;
1. fpshkpNlhnkhdh];
- xU nry;yhy; Md ghrp
- cUis (m) Kl;il tbtk;
- nry;YNyhrhy; Md nry; Rth; cz;L
- nry;Rtiu Rw;wpAs;s ciw ngf;bd;
- fpz;z tbt gr;irak; cz;L (ighpdha;L, ];lhh;r; ,Uf;Fk;)
- xU N[hb firapio cz;L (,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F cjTk;)
- ghrpfis Fwpj;j mwptpay; gphpT – igf;fhy[p
- Mrpyl;Nlhhpah mdgPdh eh];lhf; Nghd;wit iel;u[id epiyepWj;Jfpd;wd
- My;[pdpf; mkpyk; g;uTd; My;fhtpy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;

G+Q;irfs;
1. <];l;
- xU nry;yhy; Md rhWz;zp
- epA+f;spa]; cz;L
- vz;Nlhgpshr tiy iuNghNrhk; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah cs;sJ
- gr;irak; ,y;iy. czT jahhpf;f KbahJ
- xl;Lz;zp (m) rhWz;zp tho;f;if Kiw
- xapd; kw;Wk; My;f`hy; jahhpg;gpy; <];L cjTfpwJ
- itl;lkpd; gp kw;Wk; hpNghgpNstpd; jahhpg;gpy; <];l; cjTk;
2.G+Q;ir jPikfs;
- Nth; fliy – bf;fhNeha; - nrh;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdl;lh kw;Wk; nrh;Nfh];Nghuh
muhf;fpbf;Nfhyh
- fUk;G – rpfg;G mOfy; Neha; - Nfhypl;Nlh biuf;fk; gy;Nfl;lk;
- ney; - ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; - ighpFNyhpah xiuNr
- czT nfLjy; - mgNyhlhf;]pd;(er;R) – M];gh;[py;y];
3.G+Q;ir – ed;ikfs;
- czTf; fhshd; -mfhhpf]; kw;Wk; Nkhh;nry;yh
- Guj Cl;lg; nghUs; - FNshnuy;yh kw;Wk; ];ighpypdh
- Mf;]hypf; mkpyk; - M];ngh;[py;y]; iefh;
- ngdprpypd; - ngdprPypak; nehnll;lk; kw;Wk; ng.fpiuNrh[Pdk;
GNuhl;NlhNrhth
1. xU nry;caphp
2. jdpj;Jk; thOk; (ed;dPh;, cg;GePh;). xl;Lz;zpahfTk; thOk;
3. xl;Lz;zp mf xl;Lz;zpahfTk;, Gw xl;Lz;zpahfTk; thOk;
4. GNuhl;NlhNrhth cjhuzq;fs;
- gpsh];Nkhbak; - (tFg;G -];NghNuhNrhth)
- vz;lkPgh `p];lhypfh - (tFg;G - iuNrhNghlh)
- bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Nfk;gpad;]; - (tFg;G - gpsh[Nyl;lh xl;Lz;zp)
- A+f;spdh - (tFg;G - gpsh[Nyl;lh xl;Lz;zp)
- mkPgh - (tFg;G - iuNrhNghlh xl;Lz;zp)
5. GNuhl;NlhNrhth Neha;fs;
- B.T . kNyhpah – gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;];
- M.T. kNyhpah(Black water fever) – gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpNghuk;
- mkPgpahrp]; - vz;lkPgh `p];lhyp bf;fh
- igNahhpah - vz;lkPgh [pQ;Rthyp];
- tapw;Wg; Nghf;F - [pahh;bah
- Nfk;gpad; Jhf;f tpahjp - bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Nfk;gpad;];
- Ubrpad; Jhf;f tpahjp - bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Ubrpad;]p
- ghf;Bhpahf;fis cz;L tho;tjhy; kz; tsk; nfLk;
- fly;tho; Gnuhl;NlhNrhthf;fshy; kPd;, rpg;gp, kl;b ghjpg;gilAk;
6. vjph; caphpfs;
- Ez;Zaphpfsplk; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; kUe;J. Ez;Zaphpfis mopg;gjw;F cjTk;.
- c.k;. ngdprpypd;, ghrpl;uhrpd;, ];nlg;l;Nuhikrpd;
7. Neha;gug;gpfs;
- Nehia xUthplk; ,Ue;J kw;nwhUtUf;F gug;Gk; caphpfs;
8. Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; Kiw
- rsp – fhw;W
- kQ;rs; fhkhiy – ePh;
- ,d;GSnad;]h – ePh;
- fhyuh, ilgha;L – mRj;j ePh;
- nll;ld]; - cly; fhaq;fs;
- vypf;fha;r;ry; - tpyq;F rpWePh; (mzpy; kw;Wk; vyp)
- njhONeha; - Neubj; njhlh;G ePh; fZf;fhy; Neha; gug;gp %yk;
- kNyhpah – Neha;gug;gp %yk;
- ghjg;gil – epyk; kw;Wk; ePh; (];Nghh;fs;)
- rPjNgjp – mRj;j ePh; czT <f;fs;
- ff;Fthd; ,Uky; - fhw;W

- vYk;GUf;fp – fhw;W (%f;F top)
- rpd;dk;ik – ePh; Jsp topahf
- jl;lk;ik – ePh; Jsp topahf
- nghl;lhyk;ik – ePh; kw;Wk; Jhrp
- va;l;]; - cly; Nrh;f;if jha; %yk; jpRghpkhw;wk;
- nlq;F, rpf;Fd; Fdpah – Neha;gug;gp %yk; (nfhR)
9. czT – Ez;Zaphpfis fl;LgLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
- lg;ghfspLjy;
- Fsp&l;Ljy;
- ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; -#hpa xspapy; fha itj;jy;
- gjg;gLj;jpfis gad;gLj;Jjy; (tpdpfh;, Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;)
- ntg;gg;gLj;Jjy;
- nfhjpf;f itj;jy;
- cyh;j;Jjy;
-
10. ghy;gjg;gLj;Jjy; - 72 nrd;bfpNuL ntg;gepiyf;F 30 epkplq;fSf;F #LgLj;jp cldbahf
120 nrd;bfpNuLf;F Fspu itf;fntz;Lk; - (gh];bah; Kiw)
11. caphpay; fl;lg;ghL – ghf;Bhpah kw;w caphpdq;fis jhf;fhky; gaph;fis jhf;Fk; g+r;rpfis
mopj;jy;
12. kuG nghwpapaypy; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F
- [Pd; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ
- ,d;Rypd; [Pd;, epg; [Pd; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;f (,.Nfhyp, Ngrpy;y];, ];l;nug;Nlhikrp];)
- caphpay; Ma;T fUtpahf (itu];)
- ghf;Bhpah ngUf;fk; (,ul;il gpsT) – ghy; japuhjy;
- ,we;j cly;fis rpijj;J Rj;jg;gLj;jy; - rhWz;zp ghf;Bhpah
- iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jjy; - ghf;Bhpah
13. My;fh kyh;r;rp – ePh; epiyfspy; eilngWk; My;fhf;fspd; ngUf;fk; ,jd; %yk; ePh; tho;
caphpdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;glfpd;wd ,J A+l;NuhgpNf~d; vd;Wk; $Wth;
14. caph; – Gtp Row;rp
- caph;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntjpapay; Row;rp
- caphpdq;fSf;Fk; - #oYf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; Row;rp
15. Nehapay; - caphpdq;fSf;F Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk; mjd; fhuzq;fisAk;
gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpay; gphpT
caphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ikcaphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ik
1. nry;
- caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; myF
- ,uhgh;l; `_f; fz;lwpe;jhh;
2. nry; nfhs;if
- N[f;fg; ];yPld; kw;Wk; jpNahlh; ];thd; ntspapl;ldh; (1838)
- vy;yh caphpdq;fSk; nry;yhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit
- nry;fs; mjd; Ke;ija nry;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;
3. kdpj nry;fs; - tbtk;
euk;G nry; el;rj;jpuk;
Rlh; nry; Foy;
Rug;gp nry; fd rJuk;
jl;L vgpjPyak; gy; Nfhzk;
Jhz; vgpjPypak; cUis
mz;l nry; Kl;il
,uj;jr; nry;fs; tl;lk;
jirnry; ehh; nry; ePs; tbtk;

4. kdpj nry;fs; - gzp
jl;L vgpjPypak; tbtk; ghJfhg;G
jir nry;fs; RUq;fp tphpjy;
nfhOg;G nry;fs; nfhOg;Gfis Nrkpf;f
euk;G nry;fs; euk;Gj; Jz;liy flj;jy;
vYk;G nry;fs; cWjp & cliy jhq;Fjy;
$k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs; ghh;it epwk; czu
ej;ijf; $L nry; (nrtp) Xyp czu
Rug;gp nry; nehjp Ruj;jy
5. nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;
- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; capUs;s nghUs;fs;
- cly;Njitf;F Vw;g nry;gphpjy; %yk; ngUFk;
nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;
1.1.1.1. vz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiyvz;Nlhgpsh] tiy
- tiygpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,ilntspNahL $ba Fkpo; mikg;G
- 1945y; Nghh;l;lh; fz;lwpe;jhh;. 1952y; ngahpl;lhh;
- cl;fU rt;tpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
- ,U tifg;gLk;
(m) Jfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshrJfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshr tiy)tiy)tiy)tiy)
– iuNghNrhk; mw;wJ.
- Gujk; mw;w nry;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; (fy;yPuy; nry;, ypA+f;Nfhirl;)
(M) Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;Jfs; nfhz;l tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;Gl tiy (nrhunrhug;G mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]mfg;gpsh]tiy)tiy)tiy)tiy)
– iuNghNrhk; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
- Guj cw;gj;jp eilngWk; nry;ypy; cs;sJ (fizanry;, gpsh];khnry,; fy;yPuy;)
gzpfs;
m) xU rl;lfkhf mike;J cUtk; nfhLf;fpwJ
M) er;Rj; jd;ikapy; ,Ue;J nry;iy ghJfhf;f
,) nfhOg;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;a fpisf;Nfh[id cilf;f (totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiy)
2.2.2.2. iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;iuNghNrhk;
- vz;Nlhgpsh] tiyapy; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fk; Nfhs tbt Jfs;
- claude vd;gth; fz;lwpe;J ikf;NuhNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1941)
- palade vd;gth; iuNghNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1955)
- ];igufps; tbtk; nfhz;lit
- cl;fU kzpapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;
- nghpa Jiz myF rpwpa Jiz myF vd xt;nthU iuNghNrhKk; ngw;Ws;sd
- mjpfkhd iuNghNrhk;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jhy; mJ ghypiuNghNrhk; (m) ghypNrhk;
- tif : 70s, 80s, 55s (s- ];ntl;ngh;f; myF)
- mkpNdh mkpyk; kw;Wk; Guj cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
- iuNghNrhk; Muha;r;rpapy; Nehgy; ghpRngw;wth;fs; (2009)
Ntq;fl;uhkd; uhkfpU~;zd (,e;jpah-mnkhpf;fh)
jhk]; ];nla;]; (mnkhpf;fh)
Mlhaj; (,];Nuy;)
3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
- %d;W tpjkhd rt;tikg;gpy; cs;sJ
- jl;ilahd ig(rp];lh;Nd), rpwpa Ez;Foy;fs;, nghpa Ez;Fkpo;fs;
- irNkh[d; Jfs; Nghd;w Ruf;Fk; Foy;fis cUthf;Fk;
- Cirl;Lfspy; kQ;rs; fUit cUthf;Fk;
- tpop epwkp nry;iy cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd
- tpe;jZ mf;NuhNrhik cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd
4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk4.iyNrhNrhk;
- bLtp vd;gth; 1955y; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
- tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtu nry;fspy; cs;sJ
- nry;ypy; cs;s fopTg; nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wk; cUz;il tbt mikg;G.
- Nfhy;if cWg;G my;yJ mfg;gpshr tiyapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
gzpfs;
- nry;Yf;Fs; tUk; nghUs; iyNrhNrhkpd; nehjpahy; rPuzkhFk;
- ,we;J Nghd nry; gFjpfis rpijj;J ntspNaw;w cjTfpwJ
- xU nry; rpijtilAk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s iynrhNrhk; ntbj;J ntspNaWk;. mg;NghJ mJ
nehjpfis Rue;J rpijtile;j gFjpia [Puzpf;Fk;. jhd; ,Uf;Fk; nry;iy jhNd
[Puzpg;gjhy; ,J nry;ypd; jw;nfhiyg; igfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- mz;lr;Rug;gpapd; glyq;fis [Puzpj;J tpe;J nry; cs;Ns nrd;W fUTWjy; elf;f cjTk;.

5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah5.ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
- ngz;lh vd;gth; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah vd ngahpl;lhh; (1898)
- ghyhl; kw;Wk; N[h];uhz;l; cs;SWg;ig Muha;e;jdh;
- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s kzpfs; Nghd;w (m) Fr;rp mikg;G
- ,U Gujj;jhy; Md ,ul;ilr; rt;thy;; MdJ.
- cl;rt;thdJ jl;L (m) tpuy; Nghd;W cl;gpJf;fq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;
,J fphp];Nl vdg;gLk;.
- ,U rt;tpw;fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntsp nghpikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpay;
,ilntsp vdg;gLk;
- ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; mikg;G caphpdq;fspy; fphp];Nlf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy;
NtWgLfpwJ
gzpfs;
- nry; Rthrj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ
- rf;jpia cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy; ikaq;fshf cs;sJ
- A+hpah Row;rpapd; Kjy; epiy ,jd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ
- vOk;gpy; cUthFk; fhy;rpaj;ij gyklq;fhf Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
- Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wJ. Njitg;gLk; NghJ ntsptpLk;.
- Mw;wy; (ATP) mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl;
6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;6.nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;
- n`d;dpif kw;Wk; Yf];nrf; tpsf;fpdhh;fs; (1897)
- tpyq;F nry;ypy; cl;fUtpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ (Fr;rp tbtk;)
- nry;gphpAk; NghJ fjph; ,io ehh;fisAk;, M];l;uy; cWg;igAk; cUthf;fp nry; gphpjiy
jpl;lkpLfpwJ.
7.cl;fU7.cl;fU7.cl;fU7.cl;fU
- nry;ypd; fUtpy; mike;Js;s tl;l tbtr; nry; cWg;G
- ,J Kf;fpa 4 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
m) cl;fUglyk; - iyg;NghGNuhl;bdhy; MdJ (,U glyk;)
M) epA+f;spNahgpshrk; - cl;fUglyj;jpw;Fk; epA+f;spNahyRf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj; jputk;
,) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; - epA+f;spNahgpsh]j;jpy; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; fhzg;gLk;.
nry;gphpAk; NghJ njspthf FNuhNkhNrhkhf khWk;
<) cl;fU kzp – nry; mikg;ghsh; vdg;gLfpwJ.
epA+f;spNahy]; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jDs; iuNghNrhk; GNuhl;bd;fSk;, iuNghNrhk; RNA
fhzg;gLfpwJ. RNA %yf;$iw Nrkpf;fpd;wJ
gzpfs;
- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWk; nray;fis fl;LgLj;JfpwJ
- cl;fU glyk; madpfis ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ
jpRf;fs;
1. jpR – Njhw;wk,; tbtk;, nray;fspy; xj;jpUf;Fk; nry;fspd; njhFg;G.
2. tpyq;F jpR (Ntiyapd; mbg;gilapy;)
- m) vgpjPypa jpR
- M) flj;Jk; jpR
- ,) ,izg;G jpr
- <) euk;G jpR
- c) jir jpR
vd 5 tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
3.3.3.3. vgpjPypaj; jpRvgpjPypaj; jpRvgpjPypaj; jpRvgpjPypaj; jpR
- cWg;Gfspd; Gwj;NjhypYk; cly; Fop cl;Gwj;jpYk; cs;sJ
- ,jd; nry;fs; neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;
tiffs;tiffs;tiffs;tiffs;
m) jl;il vgpjPyak;jl;il vgpjPyak;jl;il vgpjPyak;jl;il vgpjPyak; - xU thpirapy; mike;j jl;il nry; njhFg;G. nry;ypd; kj;jpapy; cl;fU
cs;sJ. fd;dj;jpd; cl;Gw cWg;Gfspd; glyq;fspYk; cs;sJ
gzp – ghJfhg;G EiuaPuypy; thAf;fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjtp
M) Jhz;Jhz;Jhz;Jhz; vgpjPypak;vgpjPypak;vgpjPypak;vgpjPypak; - caukhd kw;Wk; cUz;il tbt nry;fspd; njhFg;G. Kl;il tbt
cl;fU cs;sJ. rpWFlypd; cl;Gw Rthpy; fhzg;gLk; jpR.
gzp – tapw;wpd; Rtw;wpy; nehjpfis Ruj;jy;
rpWFlypy; nrhpf;fg;gl;l czit cwpQ;rTk;
,) fdrJu vgpjPypak;fdrJu vgpjPypak;fdrJu vgpjPypak;fdrJu vgpjPypak; - ,jpy; cs;s nry;fs; fdrJu tbtk; cilait. Fly; kw;Wk;
ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gzp – rpWePuff; Foha;fspd; kW cwpQ;Rjy; %yk; ePiu cwpQ;rg; gad;gLfpwJ

<) FW ,io vgpjPypakFW ,io vgpjPypakFW ,io vgpjPypakFW ,io vgpjPypak; - Jhz; vgpjPyak; Nghy; mikg;G. Mdhy; ,jpy; FW,iofs; cs;sJ.
fhw;Wf;Foy; (m) l;uf;fpahtpd; cl;Gwk; ,J fhzg;gLk;.
gzp – rpypahf;fs; mirtjd; %yk; khR ePf;fg;gLfpwJ
c) czh;T vgpjPypak;czh;T vgpjPypak;czh;T vgpjPypak;czh;T vgpjPypak; - njhL czh;Tf;F Jyq;Fk; tz;zk; mike;Js;sd. ehrpf; Foypd;
cl;Gwk; cs;s EfUk; vgpjPypa nry;fspy; cs;sJ
C) Rug;gp vgpjPypak;Rug;gp vgpjPypak;Rug;gp vgpjPypak;Rug;gp vgpjPypak; ----
v) ,dg;ngUf;f vgpjPypak;,dg;ngUf;f vgpjPypak;,dg;ngUf;f vgpjPypak;,dg;ngUf;f vgpjPypak; -
4. flj;Jk; jpR
- ,J xU jput jpR
- czTg; nghUs;, Rthr thA, fopTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; flj;Jk;
- 55% gpsh];khTk; 45% ,uj;j nry;fSk; cs;sd
- ,uj;j nryfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
- m) ,uj;j rptg;G mZ (vhpj;Nuhirl;)
- M) ,uj;j nts;isaZ (yPA+Nfhirl;)
- ,) ,uj;jj; jl;Lfs; (j;Nuhk;Nghirl;Lfs;)
m) ,uj;j rptg;G mZ
- ngUksT gFjp ,Uf;Fk;
- tl;l tbtk; ,UGwKk; Fope;J ,Uf;Fk;
- cl;fU ,y;iy. `PNkhFNshgpd; (epwkp) cs;sJ
- vYk;G k[;i[apy; cUthFk;
- Mal;fhyk; 100-120 ehl;fs;
- Mf;]p[id vLj;J nry;Yk;
M) ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs;
- epwkpfsw;wJ
- xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l cl;fU cs;sJ
- vYk;G k[;i[ kw;Wk; epzePh; Rug;gpapy; cUthFk;
- MAl;fhyk; 2-3 thuk;
- clYf;Fs; tUk; fpUkpfis mopf;fpwJ
,) ,uj;j jl;Lfs;
- kpfr; rpwpait
- ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F Njit
5. ,izg;G jpR
- ,jpy; cs;s nry;fs; xoq;fw;wit
- nry;fSf;fpilNa ,ilntsp cz;L
- ,ilntspapy; Nkl;hpf;]; ($o;kjputk;) cs;sJ
- ,it ,U tifg;gLk;
- m) nfhOg;G jpR M) jhq;F jpR
m) nfhOg;G jpR
- NjhYf;F ,ilapYk; cs;SWg;GfSf;F ,ilapYk; cs;sJ
- ,e;j jpRtpy; cs;s nry;fSf;F ,ilaPl;L nghUs; ,y;iy
- ,J nfhOg;ig Nrkpf;fpwJ
M) jhq;F jpR
- cly; KOtijAk; jhq;f gad;gLfpwJ. 3 tifg;gLk;
(1) FWj;njYk;G jpR (2) vYk;G jpR (3) tiy ,izk jpR
(1) FWj;njYk;G jpR
- ,jpy; cs;s nry;fSf;F ,ilNa ngUk; ,ilntsp cz;L
- jpl ,ilaPl;Lg; nghUs;fs; cz;L
- Gujk;, rh;f;fiu cs;sJ, kpUJthdJ
- %l;Lfs;, fhJkly;, %f;F, %r;Rf;Foy;, Fuy;tisapy; cs;sJ
(2) vYk;G jpR
- cliy jhq;Fjy; kw;Wk; cUtk; nfhLf;Fk; jpR
- fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; $l;Lg; nghUshy; MdJ
- jir ehz;fs; cjtpAld; vYk;Gfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;
- jir ehz;fs; kPs; jd;ikAilaJ
(3) tiy ,izk jpR
- jsh;thd ,izg;g jpR
- NjhYf;Fk; jirf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ
- ,uj;jf; Foha;fs; euk;gfs; kw;wk; vYk;G k[;i[apid Rw;wp fhzg;gLk;
- cWg;Gfspd; cs;sikg;ig jhq;f rpije;j jpRit gOJghh;f;f cjTk;

6. euk;G jpRf;fs;
- euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;) kw;Wk; euk;G ehh;fshy; MdJ
- czh;T jpwd; kw;wk; flj;Jk; jpwid ngw;Ws;sJ
- kw;w jpRfspy; ,Ue;J khWgl;lJ
- %is, jz;Ltlk;, euk;Gfs; Nghd;wit euk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.
7. euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;)
- euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; nray; myF
- Kl;il tbtkhfNth tl;l tbtkhfNth fhzg;gLk;
- ,jd; nry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLk;
- irl;lhdpy; eP];N]y; vdg;gLk; fUikahd Jfs; cs;sJ
- irl;lhdpy; cs;s fpis Nghd;w mikg;g nld;l;uhd; MFk;.
- nld;l;uhd; NkYk; fpisj;J nld;biul;i] cUthf;Fk;
- irl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J fpsk;Gk; thy; Nghd;w gFjp Mf;]hd; MFk;.
8. jir jpRf;fs;
- ,it ePz;lit vdNt ,it jir ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;
- cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F gad;gLk;
- RUq;Fk; Gujj;jhy; MdJ
- 3 tifg;gLk;
m) thpj;jir M) thpaw;wj; jir ,) ,ja jir
m) thpj;jir
- vYk;GfSld; ,ize;jpUg;gjhy; ,it vYk;G jir vdg;gLk;
- ,af;F jir vd;Wk; NtWngah; cz;L
- gy cl;fUf;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; MdJ
- ,J ehh; Nghy; ePz;L ,Ug;gjhy; jir ehh; vdg;gLfpwJ
- ,jDs; rhh;f;Nfh gpshrk; vDk; ,ilapl;Lg; nghUs; cs;sJ.
- ,tw;wpy; FWf;F thp fhzg;gLtjhy; thpj;jir vd;gLfpwJ.
M) thpaw;wj; jir
- ikaj;jpy; mfd;Wk; xuj;jpy; nkype;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,e;j jir nry;fspy; xNu xU cl;fUTk;, rhh;f;Nfh gpshrKk; cs;sJ
- czTg; ghij, Rthr ghij, jkdpfs;, rpiufs;, rpWePh;g;ig Nghd;w cWg;Gfspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
- ,it ,aq;F jirfs; vdg;gLk;. thpfsw;wJ.
- ,e;j jirnry;ypd; gpsh];kh glyk; rhh;f;Nfhnyk;kh MFk;.
,) ,jaj; jir
- ,jaj;jpd; Rthpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
- ,ja jirapy; cs;s nry;fspy; gy cl;fU cz;L
- rhh;Nfhgpsh]k;, rhh;Nfhnyk;kh cz;L
- fUik kw;Wk; ntsphpa thpfs; cz;L
- ek; tho;ehs; KOtJk; RUq;fp tphpAk;
9. cWg;Gfs;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jpRf;fs; xd;W Nrh;e;J xh; cWg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
c.k;. fz; (vgpjPypajpR, ,izg;GjpR, euk;GjpR, jirjpR ,ize;jJ)
10. fz;fs;
- Kf;fpa GyDWg;G. kz;ilNahl;bd; fz; Fopfspy; mike;Js;sJ.
- fz;Nfhsk; %d;W mLf;Ffshy; (ciw) MdJ
m) ntsp mLf;F - ];fpspuhl;bf; ciw (tpopntz; glyk;)
M) eL mLf;F – nfhuha;L ciw (tpopabf;fUk;glyk;)
,) cs; mLf;F – nul;bdh ciw (tpopj;jpiu)
m) ntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;Fntsp mLf;F
- Kd;gFjpia jtpu kw;w gFjpfspy; ntz;ik epwkhf cs;sJ.
- ,J fz;zpw;F tbtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; mspf;fpwJ.
- fz;zpd; Kd; gFjpapy; ,J nky;ypajhfTk; xsp Gff;$bajhfTk; khwpAs;sJ
,J fhh;dpahfhh;dpahfhh;dpahfhh;dpah vdg;gLk;
M) eL mLf;FeL mLf;FeL mLf;FeL mLf;F
- ,J fz;zpd; eLg;glyk;. ,jpy; fUikepw epwkpfs; cs;sd.
- nfhuha;L ciwapd; Kd; Kidapy; ghitghitghitghit vd;w Jis cs;sJ
- fhh;dpahit #o;e;Js;s gFjp Ihp];Ihp];Ihp];Ihp]; vdg;gLk;. Ihp]py; epwkpfs; cs;sd.
,) cs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;Fcs; mLf;F
- cs; mLf;fpy; tpopj;jpiu cs;sJ. ,jpy; cUiscUiscUiscUis kw;Wk; $k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;$k;G nry;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- cUis nry;fs; gytpj xspfisg; ghh;f;f cjTk;.
- $k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk$k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTk;.

- tpopj;jpiuapy; $k;G nry;fs; mjpfk; cs;s gFjp kQrs;kQrs;kQrs;kQrs; jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk; (/Nghgpah) ,it
$h;e;J gbf;f cjTk;.
- xsp czh;jd;ikaw;w gFjp FUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdkFUl;Lj; jhdk; vdg;gLk;.
<) tpoptpy;iytpoptpy;iytpoptpy;iytpoptpy;iy (nyd;];)(nyd;];)(nyd;];)(nyd;];)
- nyd;]; xsp CLUtf;$ba ,UGwk; Ftpe;j kPs;jd;ikAilaJ.
- ,J rpypahpj;jirfSld; ,ize;Js;sJ.
- tpop ntz;glyj;jpw;Fk; tpopnyd;Rf;fk; ,ilapy; cs;s jputk; tpop Kd; miw
jputk;.
- tpopnyd;Rf;Fk; tpopj;jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s jputk; tpop gpd; miw jputk;.
,j;jputk; jpiuapy; gpk;gk; mikg;gjpy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
c) ghh;itf; FiwghL
kNahgpah (fpl;lg; ghh;it) – Fop nyd;];
i`g;gh; nkl;Nuhgpah (Jhug;ghh;it) – Ftp nyd;];
V];bf;khl;brk; (xspia nyd;]; gy ,lq;fspy; Ftpf;Fk;)
C) ghh;it epwkpfs;
Nuhlhg;]pd;Nuhlhg;]pd;Nuhlhg;]pd;Nuhlhg;]pd; - cUis nry;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; ghh;itia czUk;
mNahlhg;]pdmNahlhg;]pdmNahlhg;]pdmNahlhg;]pd; - $k;G nry;ypy; cs;sJ. mjpf xspia ngw, epwj;ij mwpa,
$h;ikahd ghh;itf;F cjTk;
11. fopT ePf;f kz;lyk;
- tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpdhy; cUthfk; foptpid ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J gphpg;gJ & ntspNaw;wy;
- clypy; ,Ue;J iel;u[d; fopitAk; ntspNaw;Wk;
12. rpWePufk;
- KJnfYk;gpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ
- tyg;gf;f rpWePufk; rw;W fPopwq;fp cs;sJ
- ntspg;Gwk; Ftpe;Jk;, cl;Gwk; Fope;Jk; cs;sJ
- Fope;J fhzg;gLk; cl;gFjp i`ny]; vdg;gLk;
- rpWePufj;jpy; fUQrptg;G epw ntspg;gFjp fhh;nlf;];
- ntsphpa cl;gFjp nkLy;yh
- gpukpL Nghd;w gFjpfSf;F ,ilNaAs;sJ ngy;tpf;];
- ngy;tpf;R ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fpz;zk; Nghd;wJ fhypr];
- neg;uhd;fs; - rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gil myF. Ez;Foy;fshy; MdJ
- neg;uhd;fs; fhh;nlf;]; kw;wk; nkLy;yh gFjpapy; mjpfk; cs;sJ.
gzpfs;
- ,uj;jj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkhpf;fpwJ
- ,uj;jj;jpd; PH msit epiy epWj;JfpwJ
- mjpfg;gbahd ePiu clypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wp xOq;fgLj;Jk;.
13. cly; rkepiy – FSNfh]; msT
rh;f;fiu msT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ - ,d;rypd; Ruf;fg;gLk;
rh;f;fiu msT FiwAk; NghJ – FSf;fhd; Ruf;fg;gLk;
14. Rthrpj;jy;
- fhpk %yf;$W Ntjp Mw;wyhf khWk;. (Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;)
- ,e;j Mw;wy; ATPia cUthf;Fk;
- ATP (mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl;)
- ,U tifg;gLk; fhw;W Rthrk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;
- fhw;w Rthrkfhw;w Rthrkfhw;w Rthrkfhw;w Rthrk;
- Mf;]p[d; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
- fhpk %yf;$W rpijf;fg;gl;L CO2 ePUk; fpilf;Fk;
- fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; (nehjpj;jy)
- Mf;]p[d; gad;gLj;jg; glhJ
- Ez;Zaphpfs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd
- nehjpj;jy;nehjpj;jy;nehjpj;jy;nehjpj;jy; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
15. tsh;rpij khw;wk;
caphpdq;fspy; eilngwk; Mw;wy; ntspaPL, Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;Jjy,; Mw;wy; ghpkhw;wk;
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa caph; Ntjpapay; epfo;T ,U tifg;gLk;
m) tsh;r;rp khw;wk; M) rpij khw;wk;
(m) tsh;r;rp khw;wk;
- nrhpf;fg;gl;l czTg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J nry;fs; nry;Yl;l nghUs;fis cUthf;Fk; -
nray;. Mw;wy; cUthfhJ
- FSf;Nfh];, fpisf;Nfh[d; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiuahf khWk;
- mkpNdhmkpyk; - nehjpfs;, `hh;Nkhd;fs; kw;wk; Gujq;fshFk;.
- nfhOg;G mkpyk; - nfhy];l;uhy; kw;wk; ];Buha;Lfshf khWk;.

(M) rpij khw;wk;
- rpijf;fg;gl;l fhpkg; nghUs;fs; %yk; nry;Yf;F Njitahd Mw;wiy ngWk; nray;
- FSf;Nfh]; - fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L, ePh; kw;Wk; ntg;g Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk;
- Gujq;fs; mkpNdh mkpyj;ij cUthf;Fk;
- nfhOg;G - nfhOg;G mkpyk; kw;Wk; fpspruhiy cUthf;Fk;
tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;
1.1.1.1. td caphpfs; - ,aw;if thoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tPl;by; gof;fg;gLj;jg;glhj kw;Wk;
tsh;f;fg;glhj caphpfs;
2.2.2.2. td caphptd caphptd caphptd caphp ghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; NjitghJfhg;gpd; Njit
- kfpo;r;rp, #o;epiy, fy;tp, tuyhW, mwptpay; kjpg;GilaJ
- #o;epiy rkepiyf;F Njit. Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp ngWk;
- kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fis mspf;fpwJ.
- kuG nghUSf;fhd Kf;fpa Mjhuk;.
3.3.3.3. fhLfspd; tiffs; (ntg;gk; mbg;gilapy; - ,e;jpah)
- ghiytdk;ghiytdk;ghiytdk;ghiytdk; (twz;lgFjp) - ,uh[];jhd;, gQ;rhg;, mhpahdh
- ,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs,iyAjph; fhLfs; - jPgfw;f gFjp gRikkhwh fhLfs;
- ntntntntg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfsg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfs; - Nkw;F njhlhr;rp kiy ,e;jpa tlfpof;F kiy
gFjp ,ka kiy mbg;gFjp
- kiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfskiyf;fhLfs; - ,kakiy kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpah
- miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs;miyapilf;fhLfs; ---- fq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjpfq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjp
4.4.4.4. fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;
- kio msT Fiwjy;
- jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wk;
- kz; mhpkhdk;
- gr;ir tPl;L tpisT (cyf ntg;gkakhjy;)
5.5.5.5. fhLfis ngUf;Fjy;
- Gjpa kuq;fs; eLtJ fhlhf;fy; vdg;gLk;
- rKjha fhLfs; tsh;j;jy;
- Ntshz; fhLfs; cUthf;Fjy;
6.6.6.6. rKjhaf; fhLfs;
- 1976y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
- ,aw;if epyq;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epyq;fspy; fhLfs;
cUthf;FtJ Nehf;fkhFk;
7.7.7.7. Ntshz; fhLfs;
- Ntshz;epyq;fspd; vy;iyfspy; gaph;fNshL ,ize;J kuq;fis eLtJ.
- Ntshz;gaph;fs;, kuq;fs;, fhy;eilfis ngUf;f cjTk;
8.8.8.8. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;
- rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs;rpw;wpdq;fs; ---- 45000450004500045000
- G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - 15000
- ghrpapdq;fs; - 1676
- glh;jhtuq;fs; - 1940
- G+Q;irfs; - 12480
- jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuq;fs; - 64
- gpiuNahigl;Lfs; - 2843
- nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; - 1012
9.9.9.9. tpyq;F tiffs;
- rpw;wpdq;fs; - 81251
- G+r;rpapdq;fs; - 60000
- nky;Ylypfs; - 5000
- ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs;ghYhl;bfs; ---- 372372372372
- gwitfs; - 1228
- Ch;td – 446
- ,U tho;tpfs; - 204
- kPd;fs; - 2546
- cyf tpyq;fpdq;fspy; 6.67 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ

10.10.10.10. mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiy tpyq;Ffs;
- kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; Kw;wpYk; mope;J tpLk; mghaj;jpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs;
mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiyapYs;s tpyq;fpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;
- c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;, jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;jpkpq;fyq;fs;, xeha;fs;xeha;fs;xeha;fs;xeha;fs;, fOFfs;fOFfs;fOFfs;fOFfs;
- “Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy;Nkhdhy;” Kw;wpYk; mopf;fg;gl;l moF gwit (`pkhr;ry; gpuNjrk;)
- Njhy;, vYk;G my;yJ ,l Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fhf nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd
11.11.11.11. Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
- Njrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;FNjrpa tpyq;F
- 1973 Vg;uy; 1y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
12.12.12.12. ahidfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
- Njrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;FNjrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;F
- Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;wk; tdj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
13.13.13.13. fhz;lhkpUf ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
- Jj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJJj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJ
14.14.14.14. rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;
- 1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;)1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;) – 5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ
- thopl Rw;Wr; #oy; rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gl;ljhy; rpq;f vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ.
15.15.15.15. Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;Kjiyfs; tsh;g;G jpl;lk;
- ed;dPh; tho; Kjiyfs; (FNuhNfhily;]; ghY];l;hp];)
- cth;ePh Kjiyfs; (fphp]pily;]; NghNuh]];)
- fhhpay; (fpuhtpahyp]; Nfq;fbf;f];)
Nghd;w Kjiyapdq;fis fhf;f Kjiy tsh;g;g kw;Wk; guhkhpg;Gj; jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
(1975)
16.16.16.16. rptg;Gg; Gs;sp tptug; Gj;jfk;
- ,aw;if kw;wk; ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rh;tNjr $l;likg;G ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij
guhkuj;J tUfpwJ
- ,J mr;RWj;jg;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; my;yJ mopAk; epiyapd; tpspk;gpy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,Uf;Fk;
- 253 tif tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; 2000 tif jhtuq;fs; gw;wpa jfty; jw;rkak; cs;sd.
17.17.17.17. ,e;jpahtpy; mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;
- ,e;jpa xw;iw nfhk;gd;, ePyfphp Fuq;F, rpq;fthy; Fuq;F, Mrpa rpq;fk;, ,e;jpa Gyp,
Mypt; hpl;yp Mik, Nkhdhy;, fhl;Lf; Nfhop, ,e;jpa ehiu.
18.18.18.18. 1950y; ,Ue;J mope;j ,dkhf cs;sJ - rpWj;ij
19.19.19.19. Mypth; hpl;yp Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk; - xhp]h flw;fiu
gUe;gUe;gUe;gUe;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk; ---- jkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiujkpo;ehL flw;fiu
20.20.20.20. ek; Njrpa gok; - khq;fdp
21.21.21.21. Kjypy; epyj;jpw;F te;j caphpdk; - ,U tho;tpfs;
22.22.22.22. iiiilaNdhrh;laNdhrh;laNdhrh;laNdhrh; ---- nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)
23.23.23.23. tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;tyirNghjy;
- gwitfs; jhk; thOk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fsph;fhy Gfyplj;jpw;F nrd;W kPz;Lk;
Nfhilfhyq;fspy; jk; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F jpUk;Gjy;
- ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a czT+l;lk; ngw tpUk;gpa #o; epiy ngw
nry;fpd;wd.
- tyir nry;y ,uT Neuq;fisNa Njh;e;njLf;Fk;
- mjpfgl;rk; 17600 fp.kP tiu tyir nry;Yk;
- Barn swallows vd;w gwit 14400 fp.kP tiu tyir nry;Yk;
- Nfhilfhy ghh;itahsh;fs; (rpl;Lf; FUtp, ehiu, iel;bq;Nfy;, Fapy;)
- G+kpapd; fhe;j tpiriaf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gpLk; mwpAk; gwit (Gwh)
24.24.24.24. ruzhyaq;fs;
- ekJ ehl;by; Rkhh; 500 ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sd
- tpyq;Ffs; guhkhf;fg;gLfpd;wd
- kf;fSf;F tpyq;Ffs; gw;wp mwpTWj;jy;
Kz;le;jiw (jpUney;Ntyp) Gyp rpl;lhy; rpWj;ij
fsf;fhL (jpUney;Ntyp) Gypfs; rpq;fthy; Fuq;F
jpUtpy;ypGj;Jhh; ruzhyak; (tpUJefh;) fhl;L mzpy; Fuit khd;
Ntle;jhq;fs; ruzhyak; (fhQ;rpGuk;) kQ;rs; ehiu flw;gwit rhk;gy; ehiu
KJkiy ruzhyak; (ePyfhp) ahid fhl;L vUik Gyp rpWj;ij gwf;Fk;
mzpy;
tpuhyp kiy ruzhyak; (jpUr;rp) fhl;L kapy;
Nfhbahf;fiu ruzhyak; (ehfg;gl;bdk;) Gs;spkhd; fub

25.25.25.25. caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;caphp gd;ikak;
- caphpfspy; gy ,dq;fs; xd;whf fhzg;gLtJ
- cyfpy; 12 gpukhz;l gd;ikaplq;fs; cs;sd
- gd;ika moptpw;F fhuzk; kdpjd;
- xU rpw;wpdk; moptJ kw;w rpw;wpdq;fspd; njhlh; mopTf;F fhuzkhFk;
- tPL fl;Ljy; , ghyk;, tptrhak;, rhiyfs;, ,Ug;Gg;ghij Nghd;witfspd; tphpthf;fk;
moptpw;F fhuzk; MFk;
26.26.26.26. Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;
- ,aw;if #oNyhL tdcaph;fis ghJfhf;Fk; epyg;gug;G Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; vdg;gLk;
ge;jpg;G+h; Njrpag; G+q;fh, ik#h;,
fh;ehlf khepyk;
ahid, rpWj;ij, Fuitkhd;,
Gyp, kpshkhd;
fhh;ngl; Njrpag;G+q;fh,
cj;jpugpuNjrk;
ehw;nfhk;G khd;, ahid,
Gs;spkhd;, Gyp, ntspkhd;
fph; Njrpag;G+q;fh, [_dhfh;,
F[uhj;
Mrpar; rpq;fk;, rpWj;ij,
fhl;Lg;gd;wp, rpq;fhuh
fhrpnuq;fh Njrpag; G+q;fh,
N[hh;`hl;, m];]hk;
ahid, xw;iw nfhk;G
fhz;lhkpUfk,; fhl;nlUik,
Gyp, rpWj;ijg;Gyp
Gyp ruzhyak;, ,Lf;fp, Nfush ahid, Gs;spkhd;, kpshkhd;,
rhk;gh; khd;, Gyp, Fuitkhd;
27.27.27.27. Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;
- xU Fwpgpl;l rKjhaj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tdk;
- xU tdj;jpw;Fwpa flTs; ,Uf;Fk;
- nkhj;j rKjhaKk; mij ghJfhg;gjpy; <LgLk;
- ghukghpa goq;fbapduhy; mq;F thOk; rpw;wpdq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
28.28.28.28. ghiytd ntl;Lf; fpspg;G+r;rpfs; $l;lkhf tyir nry;Yk; (50000kpy;ypad;fs;)
29.29.29.29. rhykd; kPd;fs; ,dtpUj;jpf;fhf flypy; ,Ue;J ed;dPh; Nehf;fp 1500 iky;fs; tiu nry;Yk;
30.30.30.30. gpNurpy; Mikfs; ,dtpUj;jpf;fhf 1250iky;fs; 8 thuq;fspy; gazpf;fpd;wd.
31.31.31.31. tl mnkhpf;fh ghud; ikjhd khd;fs; 3700 iky;fSf;F tyir nry;Yk; (ghYl;b ,dq;fspy;
,JNt ePzl; Jhu tyirg; gazk;)
32.32.32.32. khepy rpd;dq;fs; (jkpo;ehL)
kuk; - gidkuk;
gwit – gr;irg;Gwh
kyh; - nrq;fhe;jhs; kyh;
tpyq;F – tiuahL
33.33.33.33. gwit kdpjd; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - ryPk; myp (gwit epGzh;)
34.34.34.34. gRik mikjp mikg;G – jpkpq;fyk; Ntl;ilahlg;gLtij jilnra;a fhuzkhf ,Ue;j
mikg;G
35.35.35.35. rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; - Re;jh; yhy; gFFzhthy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;
- ,kakiyapy; kuq;fs; moptij jLf;f fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ
fhw;W ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRgLjy;
1. fhw;W khRgLjy;
- fhw;wpd; Nrh;kk; ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; Nrh;kq;fshy; ghjpg;gilAk; epfo;T.
- ,U tifg;gLk; m),aw;if epfo;T M) kdpj nray;ghL
2. ,aw;if %yq;fs;
- vhpkiy ntg;gk; kw;Wk; fhl;L jP
- fly; cg;G ePh; njspj;jy; kw;Wk; caphdq;fs; mopjy;
- kfue;jj;Jhs; kw;Wk; GtpNkyLf;F fjphpaf;fj; jhJf;fs;
3. kdpj nray;ghl;L %yq;fs; (Md;j;uNgh[pdpf;)
- njhopw;r; rhiy Gif
- thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Gif
- kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspahFk; Gif

4. fhw;W khRf;fs;
fhh;gd;
Nkhdhf;i]L
vhpnghUs; vhptjhy;
cUthFk;
`PNkhFNshgpNdhL
,ize;J fhh;ghf;]p
`PNkhFNshgpdhf
khwp kuzk;
Nehplyhk;
fhh;gd; il
Mf;i]L
epyf;fhp tpwF
vhpjy;
cyfk;
ntg;gkiljy;
iel;u[d;
Mf;i]Lfs;
thfdq;fspy;
,Ue;J ntspahFk;
mkpy kio
fe;jf il
Mf;i]L
fe;jfk; vhpjy; fz;fs; vhpjy;
EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;
M];Jkh
5. mkpy kio
- epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fs; vhpAk; NghJ mjpy; ,Ue;J iel;u[d; fe;jfk;
kw;Wk; fhh;gd; ntspNaWk;
- ,e;j tha;f;fs; tspkz;ly Mf;]p[NdhL ,ize;J mtw;wpd; Mf;i]Lfis
cUthf;Fk;
- ,e;j Mf;i]Lfs; tspkz;ly ePuhtpAld; ,ize;J mkpy kio cUthfpwJ (iel;hpf
mkpyk;, fe;jf mkpyk;, kw;Wk; fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;)
- kdpjdpd; fz;, Njhy; vhpr;ry; Vw;gLk;
- tpij Kisj;jy; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp jilgLk;
- kz; tsj;ij khw;wptpLk; (jhtuk;, ePhthop caphpdk; ghjpf;Fk;)
- fl;llk; mizf;fl;Lfis mhpf;Fk;
6. Gtp ntg;gkiljy; (gRik ,y;y tpisT)
- kuq;fis mopg;gjhy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]Lfhh;gd; il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; kPj;Njd; msT
mjpfhpf;fpwJ
- ,jdhy; Fiwe;j miyepsk; nfhz;l fjph;tPr;Rfs; kPz;Lk; G+kpia Nehf;fp
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
- ,jdhy; Gtp tofj;ijtpl mjpf mst ntg;gj;jhy; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gtp
ntg;giljy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. xN]hd; ghjpg;G
- xN]hd; xU epwkw;w thA %d;W Mf;]p[d; (O3) mZf;fshy; MdJ,
- tsp kz;lyj;jpd; ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpah; vd;w mLf;fpy; gue;Js;sJ
- tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy khRf;fs; ,e;j xN]hDld; tpidGhptjhy; ,jd;
mlh;j;jp FiwfpwJ
- ,e;j epfo;it xN]hd; xl;il vd;fpNwhk;.
- ,jd; fhuzkhf jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Gw Cjhf; fjphfs; Gtpia jhf;Ffpd;wd.
- xN]hd; ghjpg;g fhuzkhd khr FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd; (CFC)
8. fhw;W khRgLjiy jLj;jy;
- frL vz;izfis gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ
- thfdq;fis Fiwe;j mst gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
- njhopw;rhiy Giffis tbfl;bag; gpd; ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;
- caphp vhpnghUs;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (caph Bry;)
- mjpf kuq;fis eLjy;
9. ePh; khRgLjy;
- ePhpd; ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; caphpay; jd;ikapy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;
10. ePh; khRgLjy; fhuzq;fs;
- njhopw;rhiy fopTfs; (Hg, Cu, blh;n[d;l,; ngl;Nuhy;, Mh;rdpf;)
- tPl;L fopTfs;
- G+r;R nfhy;ypfs; (DDT BHC kw;Wk; cuq;fs;)
- kpjit caphpfspd; $l;lq;fs;
- jhtu nfhy;ypfs; ghf;Bhpah kw;wk; itu];fs;
- njhopw;rhiyapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; ntg;gePh;

11. ePh; khRgLjy; tpisT
- kpdNkl;lh vd;Dk; %isia jhf;Fk; Neha; Vw;gLk;
- ilNahhpah
- kPd;fs; kw;Wk; kpjit caphpfspd; ,wg;G
- fhyuh ilgha;L Nghd;w Neha;fs; cUthFk;
- kPj;NjNkh FNshgpdpkh vd;w Rthr Neha; tUk;
- A+l;NuhgpNf]d; cUthjyhy; gpw ePh; tho; caphpdq;fs; Mf;]p[d; jl;Lghlhy; ,wf;Fk;
-
12. ePh; khRgLjy; jLj;jy;
- fopT ePhpid Rj;jpfhpj;J ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;
- Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj ePhpid Njhl;lq;fSf;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
13. epyk; khRgLjy;
- epyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;
- G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;J, fjphpaf;f jdpkq;fs;, tptrha cuq;fs;,
tPl;by; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Njitaw;wg; nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; epyk; khrilAk;
14. gNahNghy;
- ,aw;ifahd gpsh];bf; my;yJ caphp gpsh];bf;
- My;fhyp[d;fs; vDk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kw;wpYk; kf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s
gpsh];bf;
- ,J xU N`hNkhghypkh; tif MFk; (ghyp i`l;uhf;]p gpA+l;bNul;)
- fha;fwp, NrhskhT, gl;lhzp khT Nghd;wtw;iw Ez;Zaphpfisf; nfhz;L rpijj;J
cUthf;fg;gLk;
- A+ikrPl;]; kw;wk; irNrhikrPl;]; vd;w Ez;Zaphp <LgLfpwJ
- nraw;if ,Uja thy;Tfs;, gw;rPuikg;G, vYk;G KwpT rPuikg;Gj; jfLfs; Nghd;w
kUj;Jt gad;fSf;F cjTk;
- tPl;Lg; nghUs;fs; jl;Lfs;, fyd;fs;, rPrhf;fs; jahhpf;f cjTk;
15. fe;jf il Mf;i]L khRthy; ghjpg;gilAk; caphpdk; - iyf;fd;fs; kw;Wk; ghrpfs;
16. ePhpy; cs;s vz;nza; foptpdhy; gwit ,wf;iffspd; nkoF glyk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
17. ,aw;iff;F khwhd nky;ypa xLila Kl;ilfis gwitfs; ,l fhuzk; - G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;
18. ePh; khR jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; - 1974
19. fhw;W khR jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; - 1981
20. Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1986
21. fopT ePh; Fl;ilfspd; mUfpy; ijy kuq;fis tsh;g;gJ – fopTePiu tpiuthf cwpQ;rpf;
nfhz;L Jha ePuhtpia ntsptpLk;.
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
ek;gpf;if tplhKaw;rp fbd ciog;G ntw;wp epr;rak;
cq;fSf;F cjt tha;g;G nfhLj;j fy;tpr; Nrhiyf;F ed;wp

Viii biology kc

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (20)

Ähnlich wie Viii biology kc

Ähnlich wie Viii biology kc (20)

Mehr von Pandiya Rajan

Mehr von Pandiya Rajan (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (11)

Viii biology kc