2. Brief Background Information
Research Questions & Objectives
Health Belief Model and its usefulness to the topic
Findings
Conclusions
3. Ghana’s MMR is estimated at 451 per 100,000
live births (GMHS, 2008).
Ghana has committed to the Safe Motherhood
Initiative since the 1980s & MDG-5 (Witter et al.,
2007).
Since 2001, the gov’t has embarked on
specific programs to improve maternal health.
4. 2008 GDHS indicates that deliveries with MPs only
increased slightly for the poorest: 19% in 2003 to
23.5% in 2008.
The big question is:
What forms of health care are received my these
poor pregnant women since many are not showing up
at clinics to receive delivery care with skilled medical
professionals?
5.
6. Pop ~ 250, 000
Ga Indigenous people & migrant workers.
Ga: Men are fishermen & women fishmonger.
The migrants: traders, some sell on the street of
Accra, “kayaye.”
Poorest maternal health outcome in Accra with ~
80% of girls become pregnant before age 22.
Has one polyclinic & maternity home.
Private clinics
7. Use of ANC during the 1st trimester remain low
(43%) in urban slums and poor communities.
Women seek untrained TBAs and spiritualist care
and15% use their services during delivery.
ANC and preparation cost towards delivery is still a
barrier to seeking medical care.
8. What are mothers’ and other community members’
perceptions and knowledge about pregnancy,
childbirth and the existing care?
What forms of health care do women use during
pregnancy and delivery?
Why do poor urban pregnant women fail to seek
medical care?
9. To examine the health care decisions and choices
that poor urban pregnant mothers make and make
recommendations to improve maternal health
outcomes in the study area.
10. Describe mothers’ and community members’
perception and knowledge about pregnancy &
childbirth
Describe the forms of health care available to
mothers during pregnancy and childbirth.
Examine the factors that influence care preference
11. A Qualitative Study
Data was collected in 2007 and 2010
In-depths interviews with Midwives, TBAs, Social
workers and mothers (n= 17) (n=5, 12)
13 focus groups with mothers (n=82) (n 52, 30)
12. Health Belief Model (Hochbaum, 1958;
Rosenstock, 1966)
Developed in 1950s and most widely used model in
Public Health research and intervention.
Provides a framework to explain individual health
behavior
14. Perceived Susceptibility- how individually
personally feels at risk of a health condition.
Perceived Severity- has to do with a person’s belief
about how serious a health condition will be if no
protective health action is taken
15. Perceived Benefits: degree to which a person
believe that taking certain protective health action
will be effective in reducing the threat.
Perceived Barriers: a belief about impediments
(tangible & physiological cost) for the
recommended behavior.
16. Guided the data collection
Analysis and interpretation of data
For example:
Measure pregnant women’s or participants risk
perceptions of pregnancy
17. Examples of Questions:
1.Are you personally vulnerable to low birth weight if you do not
seek timely or appropriate antenatal care?
2.Are you personally vulnerable to pre-term birth if you do not
seek appropriate antenatal care?
3. What makes a woman more susceptible to pregnancy and
delivery complications?
4. What are the benefits of seeking skilled care during pregnancy
& delivery?
5. What are benefits of seeking other forms of care during
pregnancy & delivery?
6.What are the cost of or barriers to seeking midwifery care or
any other forms of care
19. Threat Perceptions/Knowledge (Perceived
Susceptibility and Severity)
- Pre-existing ill health condition ( e.g. malaria,
HIV/AIDS)
-Hypertension, anemia, bleeding (Magadi, 2006, WHO,
2004).
-Lack of exercise during pregnancy
-Infections, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, induced abortion
-Delay in the delivery of after birth or placenta
-Sleeping on back
-Poor nutrition
- “Asram”
-Curse spell
20. Perceived Threat- Perceived Susceptibility/Severity
to pregnancy and delivery complications.
Women who seek professional midwifery care
believe they could have negative pregnancy and
delivery outcomes if they do not seek timely and
appropriate care
Those who seek TBAs and Spiritual care believe
that they could have pregnancy or delivery
complication if a curse spell is cast on them or evil
eye transfers disease the unborn.
21. Perceived/Actual Benefits and Barriers influence health
care decisions and preference
Medical care/Midwifery care
- Quality care to manage or avert pregnancy and delivery
complications.
- It worked for close relatives
- Cost associated with seeking medical/midwifery care as
a barrier (Buabeng et al., 2007)
- Negative attitude of medical staff/midwives (Muturi, 2005)
- Fear of C-section
- Long wait time at antenatal clinic
22. Perceived/Actual Benefits and Barriers influence
health care decisions and preference
TBA/Spiritual care
-Spiritual protection from complication or death
during delivery
- Affectionate care/use of herbal medicine (Wulandari
& Whelan, 2010)
-Cost can be paid in kind or cost of care can be paid
later after delivery
-Worked for close relatives.
23. The HBM was relevant to understanding why
pregnant women make certain health decision
and what motivate them to take action to
maintain healthy pregnancy and safe delivery.
However, there are factors such a person’s
cultural and spiritual beliefs and value of social
networks that directly affect maternal heath
care seeking decisions and behavior the
original model fails to recognize.
24. It also fails to address beliefs that disease like
“asram” caused by evil spirit and complications
due to curse spell-biomedical care is not a
treatment option- such beliefs influence
decisions to seek TBA and spiritual care.
Social networks such as TBAs, and parents
play important roles regarding making health
care seeking decisions and behavior.
25.
26. The original study which the presentation was
made from was funded by DANIDA Health
Sector Support, Accra. Ghana, and
The Compton Foundations International
Fellowship
Hinweis der Redaktion
ANC use pattern (National Data): 55% make first visit within the first trimester, 45% second and third trimesters, 56% seek medical care during delivery GDHS, 2009, for the rich-mid income (90% sought medical care during delivery in GDHS, 2003)
It was initially used to study preventive health behavior, later extended to health service usage or utilization and compliance with medical treatment or regimens (Berker et al 1977 cited in Conner and Norman, 1996).
Perceived Susceptibility + Perceived Severity =Perceived Threat: According to Pierce et al. (2003) perceived threat of an illness or a negative health condition/outcome may spur an individual to seek treatment or adopt protective health.
Outcome expectation= belief that a given behavior will lead to certain outcome. For example seeking antenatal care will lead reduce the risk of delivery complications.= A woman who seeks regularly or timely antenatal care is less likely to have complications during delivery.