The discussion focus on stress, types, and stressors in the workplace

1. STRESS, TYPES,
CAUSES & STAGES
PAMELA M. VEROY RN, MAN

2. Part 1
General Awareness

3. Part 1 - Outline
 Legislation
 What is Stress ?
 Reaction to Stress
 Stress Origin & Body System
 Symptoms of stress
 Types of Stresses
 Types of stressors
 The Individuals
 How stress develop
 Adaptation Syndrome
 Stress-related illness
 Measuring Stress

4. Legal Overview
Republic Act No. 110581
An act strengthening compiance with occupational safety and
health standards and providing penalties for violations
thereof.
(Begun last 24th of July, 2017) Manila
Chapter 1 Declaration of policy in last paragraph
The state, in protecting the safety and health of the workers,
shall promote strict but dynamic, inclusive, and gender-
sensitive measures in the formulation and implementation of
policies and programs related to occupational safety and
health.

5. WHAT IS STRESS ?
 Stress is the reaction people have, to
excessive pressures or other types of
demand placed upon them.
It arises when they worry that they can’t
cope.

6. WHAT IS STRESS ?
 Stress is the “wear and tear” our minds
and bodies experience as we attempt
to cope with our continually changing
environment
 Stress is the body's reaction to harmful
situations

7. DEFINITION by Richard Lazarus
S = P > R
STRESS OCCURS WHEN THE
PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN THE
RESOURCE
Stress means different
things to different people.

8. Reaction to stress
 Allows us to act in a way to prevent injury.
 This reaction is known as "fight-or-flight,” or
the stress response.
 KEY: KNOW YOUR STRESS SYMPTOMS

9. Reaction to stress
Selye believed that the biochemical
effects of stress would be
experienced irrespective of whether
the situation was positive or
negative.

10. Endocrine System
 Stress response controlled by the Endocrine
System.
 Demands on the physical or mental systems
of the body result in hormone secretion
(Adrenaline, testosterone)

11. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM RESPONSES
 Increased pupil dilation
 Perspiration
 Increased heart rate and blood pressure
 Rapid breathing
 Muscle tenseness
 Increased mental alertness

12. Physiological
Response too
Stress

13. Emotional symptoms of stress
 Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and
moody
 Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing
control or need to take control
 Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your
mind
 Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem),
lonely, worthless, and depressed
 Avoiding others

14. Physical symptoms of stress
 Low energy, Headaches, Upset stomach, including diarrhea,
constipation, and nausea
 Aches, pains, and tense muscles
 Chest pain and rapid heartbeat
 Insomnia
 Frequent colds and infections
 Loss of sexual desire and/or ability
 Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty
hands and feet
 Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing
 Clenched jaw and grinding teeth

15. Cognitive symptoms of stress
 Constant worrying
 Racing thoughts
 Forgetfulness and disorganization
 Inability to focus
 Poor judgment
 Being pessimistic or seeing only the
negative side

16. Behavioral symptoms of stress
 Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating
too much
 Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities
 Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes
 Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail
biting, fidgeting, and pacing

17. Hans Selye (1956) believed:
 that the biochemical effects of stress would be
experienced irrespective of whether the
situation was positive or negative.
 FREQUENCY
 DURATION
 INTENSITY

18. Reactions to Stress
 The time it takes for the reactions to appear, and
their severity, depends on the person's character
and vulnerability at the time.
 The reaction(s) may appear immediately, or after a
few hours or days: this is acute stress disorder.
 Or the reaction(s) may appear after a few months, or
in rare cases, in a few years: this is post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).

19. TYPES OF STRESS
Positive stress (Eustress)- stress that is
induced from events that are perceived
to be good or positive
https://www.back2health4you.com/who-doesnt-suffer-from-stress-at-one-point-in-their-lives/positive-stress-cycle/

20. TYPES OF STRESS

21. TYPES OF STRESS
Negative stress (Distress)- stress that is
induced from events that are perceived
to be bad or negative
https://klaybor.blogspot.com/2010/02/negative-stress-cycle.html

22. TYPES OF STRESS

23. POSITIVE STRESS
 Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring
motivation and awareness, providing the
stimulation to cope with challenging situations.
 Stress also provides the sense of urgency and
alertness needed for survival when confronting
threatening situations.

24. NEGATIVE STRESS
 It is a contributory factor in minor
conditions, such as headaches, digestive
problems, skin complaints, insomnia and
ulcers.
 Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved
stress can have a harmful effect on mental,
physical and spiritual health.

25. Types of Distress (Negative Stress)
 1. ACUTE STRESS - It’s your body's immediate
reaction to a new challenge, event, or demand, and it
triggers your fight-or-flight response. This kind of
stress tends to be short term.
 As the pressures of a near-miss automobile
accident,
 the loss of an important contract,
 a deadline they're rushing to meet,
 the child's occasional problems at school
 an argument with a family member,

26. Types of Distress
 2. EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS - is a more serious form
of acute stress. In this type of stress, the person feels
stress on a daily basis and rarely gets relief.
 Episodic acute stress happens on a daily basis.
 They're always in a rush, but always late.
 They may constantly complain about how much work
they have

27. (Types of Distress) Continuation Episodic
Stress
- Ceaseless worries (forecast disaster around every
corner and pessimistically forecast that there will
be catastrophic event happen)
- They are often short-tempered, irritable, and anxious
or pessimistic or who tend to see the negative side of
everything

28. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Episodic Stress
 Cardiologists Meter Friedman and Ray Rosenman
described Type A personality similar to an episodic
stress in extensive cases.
 Excessive competitive drive
 Aggressiveness
 Impatience with sense of urgency
 With almost always deep-seated insecurity

29. Types of Distress
 3. Chronic stress - is the type of stress
that happens month after month, year
after year.
 If acute stress isn't resolved and begins
to increase or lasts for long periods of
time, it becomes chronic stress.
 This stress is constant and doesn’t go
away, people see little way out of a
situation.

30. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Chronic Stress
 This type of stress wears people away
day after day, year after year.
 It destroys bodies, minds and lives. It
wreaks havoc through long-term
attrition.

31. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Chronic Stress
WHAT HAPPEN?
It usually begins with traumatic
experiences such as Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD)
 childhood experiences that
become internalized and remain
forever painful and present.

32. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Chronic Stress
 PTSD may be compared to a wound that will not heal naturally.
 An individual with PTSD may, after a period of well-being,
experience a delayed onset disorder which generally can be
recognized by several criteria:
 • Persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic event;
 • Avoiding association with any stimulus that is a reminder of
the trauma;
 • Symptoms of exaggerated alertness or caution and possibly
inappropriate, or even violent, reactions to threatening
situations.

33. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Chronic Stress
 WHAT HAPPEN?
 Someone may have episodic acute stress,
but over a long period of time, this can
become chronic stress.
 The person has given up looking for
solutions to the stress and tends to just
live with it.
 Never sees out from the miserable
situation

34. (Types of Distress) Continuation
Chronic Stress
 With no hope, the individual gives up
searching for solutions.
 Example:
 poverty
 a dysfunctional family
 trapped in an unhappy marriage
 a bad job/career

35. TYPES OF STRESSORS
External
Internal

36. EXTERNAL STRESSORS
Physical Environment
Social Interaction
Organisational
Major Life Events
Daily Hassles

37. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Noise
Bright Lights
Heat
Confined Spaces

38. SOCIAL INTERACTION
Rudeness
Bossiness
Aggressiveness by others
Bullying

39. ORGANISATIONAL
Rules
Regulations
“Red - Tape”
Deadlines

40. MAJOR LIFE EVENTS
Birth
Death
Lost job
Promotion
Marital status change

41. DAILY HASSLES
Commuting
Misplaced keys
Mechanical breakdowns

42. INTERNAL STRESSORS
Lifestyle choices
Negative self - talk
Mind traps
Personality traits

43. LIFESTYLE CHOICES
Caffeine
Lack of sleep
Overloaded schedule

44. NEGATIVE SELF - TALK
Pessimistic thinking
Self criticism
Over analysing

45. MIND TRAPS
Unrealistic expectations
Taking things personally
All or nothing thinking
Exaggeration
Rigid thinking

46. PERSONALITY TRAITS
Perfectionists
Workaholics

47. THE INDIVIDUAL
 Everyone is different, with unique
perceptions of, and reactions to, events.
 There is no single level of stress that is
optimal for all people.
 Some are more sensitive owing to
experiences in childhood, the influence
of teachers, parents and religion etc.

48. How stress develop?
 Most of the stress we experience is
self-generated.
 How we perceive life - whether an
event makes us feel threatened or
stimulated, encouraged or
discouraged, happy or sad - depends
to a large extent on how we perceive
ourselves.

49. How stress develop?
 Self-generated stress is something of a
paradox, because so many people think
of external causes when they are upset.
 Recognising that we create most of
our own upsets is an important first step
towards coping with them.

50. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
(Stages)
developed by Hans Selye (Hungarian
endocrinologist)
 the first to provide a biological explanation for
how we respond to stressful situations.
Not everyone experiences all three stages of GAS,
which depends on how long or how often you
may be exposed to stress.

51. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
(Stages)
1. Alarm response
2. Adaptation
3. Exhaustion

52. ALARM RESPONSE
 This is the “ Fight or Flight” response
that prepares the body for immediate
action.

53. ADAPTATION PHASE
 If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term
protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar
levels.
 This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but
must include periods of relaxation and rest to
counterbalance the stress response.
 Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy
result as the stress turns negative.

54. EXHAUSTION
 In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the
exhaustion phase:
 = emotional, physical and mental resources
 = the body experiences ‘adrenal exhaustion’ leading to
decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and
physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.

55. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

56. STRESS RELATED ILLNESSES
 Stress is not the same as ill-health, but
has been related to such illnesses as;
Cardiovascular disease
Immune system disease
Asthma
Diabetes

57. STRESS RELATED ILLNESSES
Digestive disorders
Ulcers
Skin complaints - psoriasis
Headaches and migraines
Pre-menstrual syndrome
Depression

58. MEASURING YOUR STRESS
Calculate your Stress Score using
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
[SRRS] developed by Holmes and
Rahe in 1967

59. END OF PART 1

60. Sources:
 American Psychological Association, “Stress: The Different Kinds,” accessed July 12, 2019,
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-kinds.aspx
 American Psychological Association, “Stress Won’t Go Away?” accessed July 10, 2019,
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/chronic-stress.aspx
 American Psychological Association, “Understanding Chronic Stress,” accessed July 10,
2019, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/understanding-chronic-stress.aspx
 American Psychological Association (2019). The Stress Solution. Retrieved July 14, 2019
from: https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-kinds
 Laura Schenck, “Eustress vs Distress,” Retrieved July 14, 2019 from:
http://www.mindfulnessmuse.com/stress-reduction/eustress-vs-distress

61. Sources:
 Siegrist, Johannes (2008). Effort-reward imbalance and health in a globalized economy.
SJWEHSuppl; (6), 163-168.
 Grazly M.S., LMFT, J., Is that the reason I get abused?: Learn how to create and
maintain healthy boundaries in your relationships. Retrieved July 19, 2019 from:
http://www.asktheinternettherapist.com/is-that-the-reason-i-get-abused.html