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WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It
is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research
agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing
technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care
and collective defence against transnational threats.
1979 Eradication of smallpox
The eradication of smallpox – a disease which had maimed and killed millions – in
the late 1970s is one of WHO’s proudest achievements. The campaign to eradicate
the deadly disease throughout the world was coordinated by WHO between 1967
and 1979. It was the first and so far the only time that a major infectious disease has
been eradicated.
WHO is working to ensure that everyone has access to quality health care.In many countries,
there is little money available to spend on health. This results in inadequate hospitals and clinics,
a short supply of essential medicines and equipment, and a critical shortage of health workers.
Worse, in some parts of the world, large numbers of health workers are dying from the very
diseases which they are trying to prevent and treat. WHO works with countries to help them
plan, educate and manage the health workforce, for example, by advising on policies to recruit
and retain people working in health.
Definition of health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
The "first and best known" definition of health promotion, promulgated by the American Journal
of Health Promotion since at least 1986, is "the science and art of helping people change their
lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health".This definition was derived from the 1974
Lalonde report from the Government of Canada, which contained a health promotion strategy
"aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they
will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical
health". Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon
General of the United States, which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of
community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can
maintain and enhance the state of well-being".
In 1986, Jake Epp, Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, released Achieving health
for all: a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the "Eppreport".[3][8]

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This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or
the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments"
WHO called to return to the Declaration of Alma-Ata
International conference on primary health care
The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the
field of public health, and it identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal
of Health for All. The following are excerpts from the Declaration:
The Conference strongly reaffirms that health, which is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, is a
fundamental human right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of health is
a most important world-wide social goal whose realization requires the action of many
other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector.
The existing gross inequality in the health status of the people, particularly between
developed and developing countries as well as within countries, is politically, socially,
and economically unacceptable and is, therefore, of common concern to all countries.
The people have a right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the
planning and implementation of their health care.
Primary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and
socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals
and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the
community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the
spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the
country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the
overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact
of individuals, the family, and community with the national health system bringing health
care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first elements
of a continuing health care process.
An acceptable level of health for all the people of the world by the year 2000 can be
attained through a fuller and better use of the world's resources, a considerable part of
which is now spent on armaments and military conflicts. A genuine policy of
independence, peace, détente, and disarmament could and should release additional
resources that could well be devoted to peaceful aims and in particular to the acceleration
of social and economic development of which primary health care, as an essential part,
should be allotted its proper share.

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Canada Health Act
The Canada Health Act is federal legislation that puts in place conditions by which individual
provinces and territories in Canada may receive funding for health care services.
There are five main principles in the Canada Health Act:
Public Administration: All administration of provincial health insurance must be carried out
by a public authority on a non-profit basis. They also must be accountable to the province or
territory, and their records and accounts are subject to audits.
Comprehensiveness: All necessary health services, including hospitals, physicians and
surgical dentists, must be insured.
Universality: All insured residents are entitled to the same level of health care.
Portability: A resident that moves to a different province or territory is still entitled to
coverage from their home province during a minimum waiting period. This also applies to
residents which leave the country.
Accessibility: All insured persons have reasonable access to health care facilities. In addition,
all physicians, hospitals, etc, must be provided reasonable compensation for the services they
provide.

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Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
First International Conference on Health Promotion
Ottawa, 21 November 1986 - WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1
The first International Conference on Health Promotion, meeting in Ottawa this 21st day of
November 1986, hereby presents this CHARTER for action to achieve Health for All by the
year 2000 and beyond.
This conference was primarily a response to growing expectations for a new public health
movement around the world. Discussions focused on the needs in industrialized countries, but
took into account similar concerns in all other regions. It built on the progress made through
the Declaration on Primary Health Care at Alma-Ata, the World Health Organization's
Targets for Health for All document, and the recent debate at the World Health Assembly on
intersectoral action for health.
Health Promotion
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual
or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or
cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the
objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as
well as physical capacities. Therefore, health promotion is not just the responsibility of the
health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being.
Prerequisites for Health
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are:
_ peace,
_ shelter,
_ education,
_ food,
_ income,
_ a stable eco-system,
_ sustainable resources,
_ social justice, and equity.
Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic prerequisites.
Advocate
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an
important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental,
behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. Health promotion
action aims at making these conditions favourable through advocacy for health.
Enable
Health promotion focuses on achieving equity in health. Health promotion action aims at
reducing differences in current health status and ensuring equal opportunities and resources to
enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential. This includes a secure foundation in
a supportive environment, access to information, life skills and opportunities for making
healthy choices. People cannot achieve their fullest health potential unless they are able to
take control of those things which determine their health. This must apply equally to women

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and men.
Mediate
The prerequisites and prospects for health cannot be ensured by the health sector alone. More
importantly, health promotion demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments,
by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary
organization, by local authorities, by industry and by the media. People in all walks of life are
involved as individuals, families and communities. Professional and social groups and health
personnel have a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the
pursuit of health
Health promotion strategies and programmes should be adapted to the local needs and
possibilities of individual countries and regions to take into account differing social, cultural
and economic systems.
Health Promotion Action Means:
Build Healthy Public Policy
Health promotion goes beyond health care. It puts health on the agenda of policy makers in all
sectors and at all levels, directing them to be aware of the health consequences of their
decisions and to accept their responsibilities for health.
Health promotion policy combines diverse but complementary approaches including
legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and organizational change. It is coordinated action that
leads to health, income and social policies that foster greater equity. Joint action contributes to
ensuring safer and healthier goods and services, healthier public services, and cleaner, more
enjoyable environments.
Health promotion policy requires the identification of obstacles to the adoption of healthy
public policies in non-health sectors, and ways of removing them. The aim must be to make
the healthier choice the easier choice for policy makers as well.
Create Supportive Environments
Our societies are complex and interrelated. Health cannot be separated from other goals. The
inextricable links between people and their environment constitutes the basis for a
socioecological
approach to health. The overall guiding principle for the world, nations, regions
and communities alike, is the need to encourage reciprocal maintenance - to take care of each
other, our communities and our natural environment. The conservation of natural resources
throughout the world should be emphasized as a global responsibility.
Changing patterns of life, work and leisure have a significant impact on health. Work and
leisure should be a source of health for people. The way society organizes work should help
create a healthy society. Health promotion generates living and working conditions that are
safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable.
Systematic assessment of the health impact of a rapidly changing environment - particularly
in areas of technology, work, energy production and urbanization - is essential and must be
followed by action to ensure positive benefit to the health of the public. The protection of the
natural and built environments and the conservation of natural resources must be addressed in
any health promotion strategy.
Strengthen Community Actions
Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting priorities,
making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better health. At the
heart of this process is the empowerment of communities - their ownership and control of

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their own endeavours and destinies.
Community development draws on existing human and material resources in the community
to enhance self-help and social support, and to develop flexible systems for strengthening
public participation in and direction of health matters. This requires full and continuous
access to information, learning opportunities for health, as well as funding support.
Develop Personal Skills
Health promotion supports personal and social development through providing information,
education for health, and enhancing life skills. By so doing, it increases the options available
to people to exercise more control over their own health and over their environments, and to
make choices conducive to health.
Enabling people to learn, throughout life, to prepare themselves for all of its stages and to
cope with chronic illness and injuries is essential. This has to be facilitated in school, home,
work and community settings. Action is required through educational, professional,
commercial and voluntary bodies, and within the institutions themselves.
Reorient Health Services
The responsibility for health promotion in health services is shared among individuals,
community groups, health professionals, health service institutions and governments. They
must work together towards a health care system which contributes to the pursuit of health.
The role of the health sector must move increasingly in a health promotion direction, beyond
its responsibility for providing clinical and curative services. Health services need to embrace
an expanded mandate which is sensitive and respects cultural needs. This mandate should
support the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life, and open channels
between the health sector and broader social, political, economic and physical environmental
components.
Reorienting health services also requires stronger attention to health research as well as
changes in professional education and training. This must lead to a change of attitude and
organization of health services which refocuses on the total needs of the individual as a whole
person.
Moving into the Future
Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they
learn, work, play and love. Health is created by caring for oneself and others, by being able to
take decisions and have control over one's life circumstances, and by ensuring that the society
one lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of health by all its members.
Caring, holism and ecology are essential issues in developing strategies for health promotion.
Therefore, those involved should take as a guiding principle that, in each phase of planning,
implementation and evaluation of health promotion activities, women and men should
become equal partners.
Commitment to Health Promotion
The participants in this Conference pledge:
_ to move into the arena of healthy public policy, and to advocate a clear political
commitment to health and equity in all sectors;
_ to counteract the pressures towards harmful products, resource depletion, unhealthy living
conditions and environments, and bad nutrition; and to focus attention on public health
issues such as pollution, occupational hazards, housing and settlements;
_ to respond to the health gap within and between societies, and to tackle the inequities in
health produced by the rules and practices of these societies;

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_ to acknowledge people as the main health resource; to support and enable them to keep
themselves, their families and friends healthy through financial and other means, and to
accept the community as the essential voice in matters of its health, living conditions and
well-being;
_ to reorient health services and their resources towards the promotion of health; and to
share power with other sectors, other disciplines and, most importantly, with people
themselves;
_ to recognize health and its maintenance as a major social investment and challenge; and to
address the overall ecological issue of our ways of living.
The Conference urges all concerned to join them in their commitment to a strong public
health alliance.
Call for International Action
The Conference calls on the World Health Organization and other international organizations
to advocate the promotion of health in all appropriate forums and to support countries in
setting up strategies and programmes for health promotion.
The Conference is firmly convinced that if people in all walks of life, nongovernmental and
voluntary organizations, governments, the World Health Organization and all other bodies
concerned join forces in introducing strategies for health promotion, in line with the moral
and social values that form the basis of this CHARTER, Health For All by the year 2000 will
become a reality.
CHARTER ADOPTED AT AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEALTH
PROMOTION*
The move towards a new public health, November 17-21, 1986 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
* Co-sponsored by the Canadian Public Health Association,Health and Welfare Canada,
and the World
Health Organization