The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

2. PRESENTATION
ON
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DR. PALLAVI PATHANIA MS. SAPNA THAKUR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR M.Sc. (N) 1ST YEAR
SHIMLA NURSING COLLEGE SHIMLA NURSING COLLEGE

3. TODAY WE WILL DISCUSS ABUOT
Sr. no. Content
1. Meaning of endocrinology
2. Introduction of endocrine system
3. Hormones
4. Regulation of hormones
5. Types of endocrine system

4. Sr. no. Content
6.I Endocrine gland:
•To Define endocrine glands
•To explain types endocrine gland:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Liver
Heart
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Prostaglandin
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta
Ghrelin

5. Sr. no. Content
6.II Exocrine gland:
•To Define exocrine glands
•To explain Classification of exocrine gland
•To explain the type of exocrine gland
Sweat gland
Parotid gland
Submadibular gland
Sublingual gland
Sebaceous gland
Pyloric gland.

6. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Meaning of
endocrinology
• Endo- within
• Crino- secrete
• Logy- study

7. Cont..
• Introduction of endocrine
system:
• Endocrine system consists
of glands widely separated
from each other with no
physical connections .
• The endocrine system
performs the same general
function as the nervous
system.

8. CONT..
• The nervous system provides
a more rapid response than
the endocrine system.
• Nerve signals are sent via
electrical impulses while the
endocrine system (ES)
communicates via circulating
hormones.

9. HORMONE
• Two main classes of hormones are:
Steroid
Non
steroid

10. CONT..
• Non steroid hormones : are
whole proteins, shorter chains
of amino acids, or versions of
a single amino acid.
• Non steroid hormones are first
messengers that act on target
cells.
• With this system hormones
are release, the interaction of
the target cell with receptors
causes chemical changes to
occur within the cell.

11. CONT..
• This creates a second
messenger within the
cell that other reactions
to take place.
• With in the second
messenger system ATP
with inside the cell is
turned into cAMP
causes the cells to
respond to secreting the
hormone.

12. CONT..
• Steroid hormone: The
action of lipid soluble do
not occur by second
messenger systems.
• Because they are soluble
in lipids they can pass
directly through the
Plasma membrane of
their target cells.

13. CONT..
• Once inside the cell’s nucleus, the steroid hormone
can bind to receptors – lock and key model.
• This hormone receptor complex acts on DNA which
causes the formation of a new protein in the
cytoplasm that produces specific effect in the target
cell.
• An example of this type of hormone class would be
estrogen.

14. HORMONE REGULATION
• Negative feedback system can regulate hormone levels
within the blood.
• As you recall, positive feedback system amplify the
condition instead of reversing them to normal levels.
Negative feedback mechanism Positive feedback mechanism

15. CONT..
• Most PGs regulate cells by
the production of cAMP.
• Play roles in the treatment of
various conditions including
high blood pressure, ulcers
and asthma.
• Aspirin cause their effect by
altering the function of PGs
in the body.

16. TYPE OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Endocrine system consist of two type of glands
Endocrine
gland
Exocrine
gland

17. ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

18. CONT..
• Endocrine: These are ductless
glands secrete hormone into the
blood or into the blood or into
fluid surrounding cells. E.g.
pineal gland, thyroid gland .
• Endocrine glands secrete
hormone into intercellular
spaces.
• Hormone can diffuse into the
blood and be carried throughout
the body.

19. CONT..
• Hormone may bind to cells that have
hormone specific receptors on their
surface.
• These cells are known as target cells.
The binding of the hormone with the
receptor of the hormone with the
receptor initiates a chemical reaction.
• Hormone play an important role in
homeostasis and metabolism.
• Disease may cause a gland to secrete
too much or too little hormone.-
Hyper secretion or hypo secretion.

20. HYPOTHALAMUS

21. CONT..
• Location:
• The hypothalamus is located below the
thalamus, just above the brainstem and is part
of the limbic system.
• Anatomy:
• The hypothalamus is a region of the brain
composed of many small nuclei with diverse
functions.

22. CONT..
• Physiology:
• The hypothalamus is a small area in the ventral
diencephalon of the forebrain, in the floor of the third
ventricle, and is a functional link between the nervous
and endocrine systems.
• Hypothalamus produces many hormones, some of
which are given below
• ADH (vasopressin)
• DA (dopamine)
• CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone)

23. Cont..
• The hypothalamus produces Releasing
hormone (RHs) and Inhibiting hormone
(His)
• They travel to the adenohyposis via a
specialized capillary system.
• They can cause the release of anterior
pituitary hormones or inhibit their
production and release into the general
circulation.
• The hypothalamus plays a dominant
role in regulating many body function
including:
• Body temperature
• Appetite
• Thirst

24. PITUITARY GLAND

25. Cont..
• The pituitary gland is
endocrine gland smaller than a
pea in size but carries out very
important functions.
• It is called as master gland.
• It measure only 1.2-1.5cm its
length and weight is 1.5 gram.
• It has well protected location
with in the skull ventricle
surface of brain.

26. CONT..
• It lies in the hypophyseal
fossa of sphenoid bone
below hypothalamus.
• It consists of two glands-
each of different type.
• -Anterior pituitary gland
(adenohypophyssi)
• -Posterior pituitary gland
(neurohpophysis)

27. Cont..
• Anterior pituitary gland:
• The anterior pituitary gland secretes several major
hormones.
• Tropic hormones stimulates another endocrine gland to
grow and secrete its hormones.
• It consist of epithelial cell.

28. CONT..
• Thyroid stimulating hormone-
TSH stimulate the thyroid gland
to secrete thyroid hormone.
• T3- tri-idothyroxine
• T4- thyroxine
• Calcitonin

29. CONT..
• Adenocorticotrophic
hormone-
• ACTH acts on the
adrenal cortex to
increase in size and to
secrete larger amounts of
cortisol.

30. CONT..
• Gonadotrophin hormone –
• Two Gonadotrophin hormone
release in response of GnRH i.e.
LH and FSH.
• LH acts with FSH to perform
various functions.
• Causes estrogen production
increase and ovulation.
• Stimulate the formation of the
corpus luteum and its production of
progesterone.
• Stimulate the interstitial cells of the
testes to secrete testosterone.

31. CONT..
• Growth hormone- GH
speeds up the movement of
amino acids out of the
blood and into cells to
promote anabolism of
amino acids into tissue
proteins.
• GH also promotes fat
catabolism and slow down
glucose catabolism.

32. CONT…
• Less glucose leaves the blood
to enter cells. GH therefore
increases blood glucose
concentration.
• Hyper secretion of insulin
produces hypoglycemia.
• Hyper secretion of GH
produces hyperglycemia

33. CONT..
• Prolactin- PRL or
lactogenic hormone.
• Stimulate the
development of the
breasts for producing
milk during pregnancy.

34. CONT..
• Melanocyte
stimulating hormone-
It work with other
hormones to control
pigmentation of the
skin. In response to
UV rays, its
production by the skin
and pituitary gland is
enhanced and provide
pigmentation to the
skin, eye and hair.

35. Cont…
• Posterior pituitary
• Two group of neurons make
the posterior gland hormones
and pass them along axons to
the neurohypophysis.
Release is controlled by
nervous stimulation.
• The neurohypophysis
releases two hormones.
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Oxytocin (OT)

36. CONT..
• ADH: Accelerates the
reabsorption of water from urine
in the kidneys back into the
blood.
• More water moves out of the
kidney tubules into the blood,
less water remains in the kidneys
and therefore less urine is
excreted from the body.
• ADH acts to decrease urine
volume.
• Hypo secretion of ADH result in
diabetes insipidus- Large volume
of urine are produced-
dehydration

37. CONT..
• Ocytocin therapy: Is
secreted by the posterior
pituitary of a female before
and after she has a baby.
• OT stimulate uterine
contractions to initiate and
maintain labor.
• It stimulate glandular cells
of the breast to release milk
into ducts from which the
baby can obtain nutrients.

38. PINEAL GLAND

39. CONT..
• Introduction:
• Pineal gland is small body
attached to the roof of the 3rd
ventricle of the brain.
• Pineal gland is about 10mm long
is reddish brown in color and
surrounded by a capsule.
• The gland tends to atrophy after
puberty and may become calcified
in later life.

40. CONT..
• Function:
• Production of melatonin-regulates
onset of puberty and menstrual cycle.
• It act on the hypothalamus to inhibit
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
when the growth development.
• Regulation of endocrine system &
Cause feeling of sleepiness.
• Its level highest at night and lowest
around midday, because secretion is
influenced by the number of daylight
hours i.e. seasonal variation.

41. THYROID GLAND

42. Cont..
• Introduction:
• It is endocrine gland.
• Its weight about 15-25gm
• It situated anteriorly in the
lower part of neck.
• It lies in front of larynx and
trachea at the level of lower
three cervical and first thoracic
vertebrae.
• It consist of two lobes join
together by a narrow isthmus.

43. CONT.
• Structure:
• The thyroid gland is cover by fibrous
capsule.
• It look a butterfly shape.
• It is composed of right and left lobes.
• It is highly vascular i.e. 80-
120ml/min.
• Thyroid tissue is composed of tiny
structural units called follicles.
• Each lobe is 5cm. Long, 3cm. Wide
and 12 cm. thick.

44. CONT..
• Thyroid hormone :
• T3- tri-idothyroxine
• T4- thyroxine
• Calcitonin

45. CONT…
• Thyroid hormone help
to increase cell
metabolism.
• All body function
depend on thyroid
secretion.

46. CONT..
• Clacitonin decrease the amount of
calcium in the blood by acting on
bone to inhibit its breakdown.
• Less calcium will move out of bone
into the blood.
• Concentration of blood Ca+ levels
will decrease.
• Clacitonin helps to maintain
homeostasis of blood Ca+ levels will
decrease.

47. PARATHYROID GLANDS

48. Cont..
• Introduction:
• There are 4 Small glands found
on the back of the thyroid gland.
• Each has a mass of about 140mg.
• Each gland is about the size of
split pea.
• Secretion of parathyroid hormone
(PTH).

49. CONT..
• Structure: microscopically
the parathyroid gland contain
2 kind of epithelial cell.
• Chief cell
Oxyphil cell
• Chief cell: these called chief
cells which produce
parathyroid hormone celled
parathormone.
• Oxyphil cell: these cells first
appear at puberty and their
function is still not clear.

50. CONT..
• Functions:
• PTH regulate the level of Ca+,
Mg, phosphate level in blood an
regulate muscle contraction, nerve
transmission, blood clotting.
• PTH increase Ca+ concentration in
the blood.
• The opposite effect of Calcitonin.
• PTH stimulates osteoclasts (bone
resorbing cells) to increase their
breakdown of bone matrix. This
moves Ca+ out of bone into blood.

51. CONT..
• Low levels of Ca+ in the
blood can cause: Overactive
nerve cells ,muscle spasms
resulting from constant
nervous stimulation
• High levels of Ca+ can cause
: The death of brain and
heart cells.

52. THYMUS GLAND

53. CONT..
• Introduction:
• Thymus gland lies in the upper part
of the behind the sternum and extend
upward into the root of the neck.
• Weight:
• in infant- 10-15 gm
• In adolescence- 30-40gm
• In middle age – it shrink
approximately to its weight 10-15gm

54. CONT..
Organ associated with the
thymus:
• Anteriorly: sternum & upper 4
costal cartilage
• Posterior: aortic arch & its
branch
• Laterally: lungs
• Superiorly: structure in the root
of neck
• Inferiorly: heart
Structure: thymus consist of 2
lobes joined by areolar tissue.

55. CONT..
• Function:
• Thymus gland hormone is
thymosin for development and
function of immune system.
• It is also known as T-
lymphocyte (cell mediated
immunity).
• It help to protect the body
against foreign organism.

56. PANCREAS

57. CONT..
• Introduction :
• Pancreas is grayish pink color gland
about 12 to 15 cm. long and its weight
about 60 gm.
• It resemble a fish with its head and neck
in C shape curve of the duodenum.
• it’s body extending horizontally below
and behind the stomach and its tail
touching the spleen.
• According to old anatomical style
romance of the abdomen is the pancreas
lying in the arm of duodenum.

58. TYPE OF PANCREAS
• Pancreas is composed of two
different type of tissue.
• Exocrine
• Endocrine
• The duodenal opening is
controlled by hepatic
pancreatic sphincter Oddi.

59. CONT..
• Endocrine: it is distributed throughout
the gland are group of specialized
celled the pancreatic islet of
langerhans.
• The endocrine pancreas secrete the
hormone insulin and glucogens which
are principally concerned with control
by blood glucose level.
• It contain 3 types of cells:
• Alpha cells: It secrete glucagon. It
stimulate conversion by glycogen to
glucose in the liver and skeletal
muscle.

60. CONT..
• Beta cells: It secrete insulin. When
the nutrient especially glucose are
in excess the insulin promote their
storage by acting an cell
membrane and membrane and
stimulating uptake and use of
glucose by muscles and
connective tissue.
• Delta cells: it secrete somatostatin.
It inhibit the secretion of both
insulin and glycogen.

61. CONT..
• Exocrine gland:
• This consist of a large no. of
lobules.
• The walls of which consist of
secretary cells.
• Each lobule drained in to duct
and these links eventually to
from the pancreatic duct when
extent the whole length of the
gland and opens into the
duodenum.

62. CONT..
• Normal glucose levels= 70 to
100 mg per 100 ml of blood.
• Hypo secretion of insulin:
• type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus-
some decrease in insulin and
abnormalities in insulin target
cell receptors. Blood glucose
levels are increased.

63. LIVER

64. CONT..
• Location:
• It is always located immediately caudal to the
diaphragm and tends to be located on the right
side.
• Anatomy:
• The liver is the largest gland of the body and is
1-2% of the total body weight.

65. CONT..
• Physiology:
• It secrete two hormones
• Insulin like growth factor (GF):
Insulin like effect
Regulate cell growth and development
• Angiotensiogen and angiontension:
Vasoconstriction
Release of Aldosterone from adrenal cortex

66. HEART

67. CONT..
• Location:
• It is situated in the middle mediastinum and is
enclosed with the pericardium.
• Anatomy:
• It is a conical hollow muscular organ. That
pumps blood.

68. CONT..
• Physiology:
• It secrete following hormones
• Artial- natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Reduce blood pressure
Increase Na+ excretion by kidney
• Brain- natriuretic peptide: (BNP)
Reduce blood pressure to minor degree than
ANP

69. KIDNEY

70. CONT..
• Location:
• It usually lie ventral to the first three lumber
transverse process; against the dorsal wall of
the abdominal cavity.
• Anatomy:
• The kidney are a pair of excretory organs and
is a bean shaped.

71. CONT..
• Physiology:
• It secrete following hormones:
• Erythropoietin
Stimulates erythrocyte production
• Thrombopoientin:
Stimulate megakaryotes to produce platelets

72. ADRENAL GLAND

73. Cont..
• Introduction:
• The adrenal glands are located on
the top of each kidney.
• These are 2 in number
• Length- 4cm, width- 3cm.
• The are composed of two glands:
• Adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla
• The two glands produce different
hormones.

74. CONT..
• Adrenal cortex
• It is divided into three
zones or layers.
• Hormones secreted by
all three layers are
called corticoids.
• Mineral corticoids
• Gluco corticoids
• Sex hormone

75. CONT..
• Mineral corticoids:
• The outer zone secrete mineral
corticoids- MCs.
• Main Mc is Aldosterone.
• It help to control the amount of NaCl
in the blood. It increase the amount of
Na+ in the blood and decreases the
amount of K+ in the blood. More K+
will be lost in urine.
• Aldosterone speeds up the kidneys
reabsorption of water. Mineral corticoid
receptor

76. CONT..
• Glucocorticoids:
• The middle zone secretes
glucocorticoid- GCs
• Hydrocortisone or cortisol
is the chief glucocorticoid.
• Glucocorticoids help to
maintain blood glucose
concentration by the
process of gluconeogenesis.

77. CONT..
• Amino acids or fatty acids
are converted to glucose
within the liver.
• Glucocorticoids promote
the catabolism of tissue
proteins into amino acids-
transported to the liver and
turned into glucose and
enters blood.
• Act as weak mineral
corticoids effect Maintain
normal blood pressure .

78. CONT..
• Some pathological and
pharmacological function.
• Delayed wound healing.
• Produce anti-inflammatory effect-
example: hydrocortisone cream/
ointment.
• Production of anti-immunity or anti-
allergy effects- Decrease in the
production of antibodies.
• Responding to stress

79. CONT..
• Sex hormone:
• The innermost, deepest zone
of the cortex secretes small
amount of sex hormones are
mainly androgen (male sex
hormone ) that resemble
testosterone.

80. CONT…
• Adrenal medulla is the inner
portion of the adrenal gland.
• It is stimulated by its extensive
sympathetic nerve supply
• It secretes:
• Epinephrine hormones
• nor epinephrine hormones

81. CONT.
• These hormone are released
directly into the blood and are
involved in the body’s flight or
fight response by
• Increasing heart rate.
• Increase blood pressure.
• Diverting blood to essential organs,
including heart , brain, skeletal
muscle.
• Increase metabolic rate.
• Dilating pupil.

82. CONT..
• In response to stress the
hypothalamus causes the anterior
pituitary to release ACTH.
• This causes the adrenal cortex to
release glucorticoids. In addition,
the adrenal medulla will release
nor epinephrine and epinephrine.
• Adrenaline has a great effect on
the heart and metabolic processes.
• Nor adrenaline has more
influence on blood vessels.

83. PROSTAGLANDINS (PGS)
• PGs are tissue hormones that
are found in a large variety of
tissues.
• They perform many important
function but are not like typical
hormones.
• PGs are produced within tissues
and diffuse a short distance to
act on cells within that tissue.

84. CONT..
• PGs typically influence the
activities of neighboring cells.
Hormones can influence the
activities of widely separated
targets.
• PGs can be divided into separate
classes- A, E and F.
• PGs can have influences on many
body functions such as:
• Respiration
• Blood pressure
• GI secretion
• Inflammation
• Reproductive system

85. CONT..
• Most PGs regulate cells by
the production of cAMP.
• Play roles in the treatment of
various conditions including
high blood pressure, ulcers
and asthma.
• Aspirin cause their effect by
altering the function of PGs
in the body.

86. OVARIES

87. CONT..
• The ovary (from Latin: ovarium, literally
“egg” or “nut”) is an ovum- producing
reproductive organ.
• Location:
• Ovaries found in pairs at the lower back of the
female as part of the vertebrate female
reproductive system.

88. CONT..
• Anatomy:
• They are almond –shaped and about 3.5cm.
(1.5 inches) long.
• Physiology:
• The ovaries have 2 main functions. They
produce mature eggs. They also make the
female sex hormones, which control
reproduction and sexual development.

89. CONT..
• It mainly produces two hormones:
• Estrogen:
• Is responsible for the development of
secondary sex characteristics, such as the
growth of breasts.
• Progesterone:
• Prepares the body for conception by causing
the buildup of the uterine lining (endometrium)
and other changes.

90. TESTES

91. CONT..
• Anatomy:
• Like the ovaries to which they are homologous,
testes are components of both the reproductive
system and the endocrine system.
• Physiology:
• The primary functions of the testes are to produce
• sperm (spermatogenesis)
• Androgen
• Primarily testosterone

92. CONT..
• Testosterone:
• It is a steroid hormone from the androgen group
and is found in human and other vertebrates.
• In humans and other mammals, testosterone is
secreted primarily by the testicles of males and, to
a lesser extent the ovaries of females.
• Small amount are also secreted by the adrenal
glands. It is principal male sex hormone and an
anabolic steroid.

93. CONT..
• In men, testosterone plays a key role in the
development of male reproductive issues such
as- testis and prostate
• As well as promoting secondary sexual
characteristics such as increased- muscle,
bone mass, growth of body hair.
• In addition, testosterone is essential for health
and well-being as well as the prevention of
osteoporosis.

94. PLACENTA
• Temporary endocrine gland
hormone:
• Chronic gonadotrophins
• Secreted in urine/
pregnancy test
• Estrogen and progesterone

95. GHRELIN
• Secreted by stomach-
boosts appetite and slows
metabolism.
• ANH strial natriuretic
hormone-loss of Na+ ions
and water from kidney
• Antagonist to Aldosterone

96. EXOCRINE
GLANDS

97. CONT..
• Definition:
• Exocrine system includes Exocrine
glands are glands that produce and
secrete substances onto an
epithelial surface by way of a duct.
• Example of exocrine gland include:
• Sweat
• Slivery
Parotid
Submadibular
Sublingual
• Lacrimal sebaceous
• Pyloric gland

98. CONT..
• Classification :
• By structure:
• Exocrine glands contains a glandular portion and a
duct portion, the structures of which can be used to
classify the gland.
• The duct portion may be branched (called
compound) or unbranched (called simple)
• The glandular portion may be tubular or acrinar, or
may be a mix of the two (called tubloacinar). If the
glandular potion branches, then the gland is called a
branched gland.

99. CONT.
• By method of excretion:
• Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands,
holocrine glands, or Merocrine glands based
on how their products are excreted.
• Merocrine secretion: cells excrete their
substances by exocytosis; e.g. pancreatic
acinar cells.

100. CONT..
• Apocrine secretion: a portion of the cell
membrane that contains the excretion buds off.
• Holocrine secretion: the entire cell
disintegrates to excrete its substance; e.g.,
subcutaneous glands of the skin and nose.

101. CONT..
• By product excreted:
• Serous cells excrete portions, often enzymes.
Example include gastric chief cells and Paneth
cells.
• Mucous cells excrete mucus. Example include
Bruner’s gland, esophageal glands, and pyloric
glands.
• Mixed glands excrete both protein and mucus.
Example include the slivery glands, through the
parotid glands is predominantly serous, the
sublingual gland.

102. SWEAT GLAND
• It produce sweat from skin
Name (S) Location Product Structure
Apocrine
sweat glands
Skin Sweat Coiled tubula

103. PAROTID GLAND
• Its production rises to 50% during stimulation
Name(S) Location Product Structure
Parotid gland Mouth Serous Tubulo-
alveolar

104. SUBMADIBULAR GLAND
They contribute some 60-67% of on stimulated saliva
secretion; on stimulation their contribution decrease in
proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%
Name(S) Location Product Structure
Submadibula
r gland
Mouth Mixed
(M+S)
Tubulo-
alveolar

105. SUBLINGUAL GLAND
They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary
volume
Name(S) Location Product Structure
Sublingual
gland
Rivini’s
gland
Mouth Mucus
(primarily)
Tubulo-
alveolar

106. SEBACEOUS GLAND
It secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to
lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of
mammals.
Name(S) Location Product Structure
Sebaceous
gland
Skin Sebum Acinar
branched

107. PYLORIC GLAND
• The pyloric glands are located in the antrum of the
pylorus.
• They secrete gastrin produced by their G cells
• Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion
of gastric acid (HCI)
Name(S) Location Product Structure
Pyloric
gland
Stomach Mucous Simple
branched
tubular

108. CONCLUSION
Hormones are special chemical messenger in
the body that are created in the endocrine
glands. These messengers control most major
bodily functions, fro simple basic needs like
hunger to complex system like reproduction,
and even the emotions and mood.
understanding the major hormone functions
will help patients take control of their health.

109. SUMMARIZATION

111. Recapitalization

113. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wilson and Ross, “Textbook of Anatomy and
Physiology in health and illness,” 11th edition,
Churchill Livingstone publisher; 2010, Page
no.207-219
https://www.slideshare.net?mobile/mrhunterspage
/natomy-nd-physiology-he-endocrine-system-02-
19-13 viewed on 25/05/2019
http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/beekaboo/endoc
rine-system-overview-hs-anatomy-and-
physiology

114. ASSIGNMENT
 Complete endocrine system diagram
 function of exocrine glands