11. CT Chest & CT Pulm Angiogram in
COVID-19 Survivor
12. British Thoracic Society Respiratory follow up
Psychiatric Asessment
Thromboembolic sequelae diagnosis
Criteria for evaluation Based on the severity of acute COVID-19
Level of Care recieved (ICU or HDU)
Chest X-ray in all patients at 12 weeks
Consider PFTs , 6MWT, Sputum sampling & Echocardiogram
• Assessment of progression or recovery at 6 and 12 months
Pulse Oximetry, 6MWTs, PFTs , HRCT Chest
CT pulmonary angiogram as appropriate
• Corticosteroids May be beneficial in a subset of patients with
post-COVID iflammatory lung disease
• Lung transplantation Done but Unproven
• Antifibrotic therapies Clinical Trials
Management of Pulmonary Sequelae
13. Respiratory Follow-up Algorithm for Patients of COVID-19
Pneumonia Cared for in ICU, HDU or with Severe Disease
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14. • Continued hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable state
• Mechanisms of thromboinflammation
Endothelial injury Complement activation
Platelet activation Platelet–leukocyte interactions
Neutrophil extracell traps Pro-inflamm cytokines release
Hypoxia Disruption of coagulant pathways
• Similar to thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes
• Thromboembolic events noted in <5% in post-acute COVID-19
• 2.5% cumulative incidence of thrombosis at 30 d following discharge
Segmental pulmonary embolism
Intracardiac thrombus
Thrombosed arteriovenous fistula
Ischemic stroke & Central Sinus Venous Thrombosis
Management
• Extended thromboprophylaxis Oral anticoagulants & LMWH
• For pts with risk factors immobility
persistently elevated d-dimers
high-risk comorbidities such as cancer
• Therapeutic anticoagulation Iimaging-confirmed VTE for ≥3 months
Hematologic Sequalae of COVID 19
21. • Decreased glomerular filtration rate in 35% of pts at 6 months
• Resolution of AKI in the majority of COVID-19 patients
• Requirement of RRT for severe AKI indicates high mortality
• COVID-19-associated nephropathy (COVAN) in Africans
• Patients with persistent impaired renal function benefit from
early and close follow-up in AKI survivor clinics
Renal Sequelae of COVID 19
22. • New or worsening control of existing diabetes mellitus
•Subacute thyroiditis and bone demineralization
• Post COVID Diabetic ketoacidosis without known DM
Subacute thyroiditis & thyrotoxicosis
• Etiology Direct viral injury
Immunological and inflam damage
Adverse effects of Treatment
• Referral to endocrinology Newly diagnosed diabetes
Suspected HPA suppression
Hyperthyroidism
Endocrine Sequelae of COVID 19
23. • Diarrhoea 1-10%
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Mild Abdominal pain
• Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia
• Prolonged viral fecal shedding
• Potential alteration of the gut microbiome
• Enrichment of opportunistic organisms
• Depletion of beneficial commensals
• Gut–lung axis : Gut microbiota alter course of respiratory
infections
Dermatologic Sequelae of COVID 19
• Hair loss 20% of COVID-19 survivors
• Skin Rash 10 %
Gastrointestinal Sequelae of COVID 19
24. Nutrition & Rehabilitation Issues in Post COVID
19
• Decline in quality of life (EuroQol visual analog scale) in 44.1%
• Decline in Health-related quality of life and functional capacity
• Muscle wasting, feeding difficulties and frailty – poor outcome
• Malnutrition has been noted in 26–45% of patients
• Assess for Swallowing function Nutritional status
Measures of functional independence
• Early rehabilitation programs are safe and effective
• High risk for post-acute COVID-19 syndromes
Severe illness during acute COVID-19 and/or
Required care in an ICU
Most susceptible to complications
elderly
multiple organ comorbidities
Post-transplant
Active cancer history
Highest burden of persistent symptoms
25. • Fungal sinusitis
• Cheek/eye pain
• Headache
• Proptosis or bulging of eye ball
• Double vision or Diplopia
• Blurred vision
• Total vision loss
• Altered sensorium
• Blackish discharge from nose
• Palatal discolouration
ENT Sequelae in Post COVID 19
26.
27. • Diagnostic criteria: <21 years old with
fever, elevated inflammatory markers
multiple organ dysfunction
current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection and
exclusion of other plausible diagnoses
• Typically affects children >7 years
• Higher incidence in African, Afro-Caribbean or Hispanic
• Complications coronary artery aneurysm
Encephalopathy
Stroke
Seizures
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
in Children (MIS-C)
28. Post COVID- 19 Clinics
Integrated Multi- disciplinary Care
30. • Care for patients with COVID-19 does not
conclude at the time of hospital discharge
• Lookout for Post COVID sequelae is vital
• Multi -disciplinary comprehensive care
maintains and improves quality of life