2. Agenda for this presentation
How do we change from one technology to another?
Which options do we have?
Where does natural refrigerants make sense?
Where does low GWP refrigerants make sense?
What is needed for kick starting the proces?
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3. How do we change from one technology to another?
Training, information, education
Understanding the problem, understanding what is needed to be done and
execution from all levels including the political world, industry and users
The Montreal protocol was an undisputed success because it took this path
It included
1. Firm dates for the phase out
2. Agreed terms and conditions for transition
The states provided training of engineers, technicians and users in different ways
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4. Which options do we have?
HFC and blends of HFC’s has been necessary to get out of the CFC era quick
and smoothly, but the process cannot stop here.
The current HFC’s are abandoned by the manufacturers for many reasons.
New low GWP solutions will probably emerge in the market for some market
segments
Most mature products with negligible GWP are the natural refrigerants such as
NH3 (ammonia), HC (hydro carbons), CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)
Some solutions are readily available in the market and some are breaking
through the walls of R&D and getting in to field tests in the coming years.
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5. Global warming potential for most used refrigerants
GWP for popular refrigerants
0 150 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
R507
R404A
R422A
R422D
R417A
R22
R407C
R134a
R600a
Naturals
R290
R1270
NH3
Mac directive limit
Position on refrigerant selection, ACP | Sep. 2010
6. Where does natural refrigerants make sense?
Basically natural refrigerants can be used everywhere
Since they are new to many in the trade training is the key to success.
Training is required regardless the technology implemented.
Safety is a concern but that goes for all refrigerants.
Standards are in place in most cases.
Components and system suppliers are ready in the market already
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7. Examples
London Heathrow T5 is cooled by ammonia chillers.
Oslo Intl. Airport Gardamoen and Copenhagen Intl. Airport are cooled with NH3
District heating systems are being installed in Norway with ammonia heat pumps
Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby in Denmark is cooled and heated by HC
chillers and heat pumps.
Hotel Scandinavia and the connected Aarhus Congress center in Aarhus
installed NH3 chillers in 1996.
McDonald’s in Denmark has installed cascade system using HC and CO2 in their
restaurants.
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8. Where does low GWP refrigerants make sense?
Where the refrigerant price does not become a major hurdle.
Where proper training programs are in place on all levels.
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