Oz chihwayi - Cultivating a critical thinking mindset - devconf2018
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I gave this talk at Devconf conference for software developers in Johannesburg and Cape Town in March 2018
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Oz chihwayi - Cultivating a critical thinking mindset - devconf2018
- 1. Oz Chihwayi Cultivating a Critical Thinking Mindset
- 2. Intro…About Me Husband & father … Career tester with multiple hats.. People, outdoors, travel & running
- 3. In this session …. • Critical thinking - what is it ; and what is it not .. • The Human brain • Explore our reality and decision making • Highlight some of the mental flaws in our thinking • Practicing critical thinking for better problem solving
- 4. Check In …What do we know? Where is Star Man?
- 5. Check In …What do we know? Still have your PowerBand bracelet?
- 6. Check In …What do we know? Any Flat Earthers in the house?
- 7. Check In …What do we know? UFO Sightings?
- 8. Critical Thinking is NOT • Negativity • Winning arguments • Seeking disagreement • Attacking for the sake of being ‘critical’
- 9. Critical Thinking IS • Deliberate, systemic way of analysing and evaluating our thinking in order to understand it and improve it.. How? • Questioning our purpose and assumptions • Objectively analysing information
- 10. Critical Thinking IS • Seeking evidence to claims • Reflecting skeptically • Setting aside our beliefs and judgements to listen to others’ • Investing in the process of sound argument to reach a conclusion that is likely to be true • Metacognition - Thinking about our thinking
- 11. Unpacking the Brain • The most complicated organ • ~ 100 Billion Cells (Neurons) • No pain receptors • Uses ~ 20% of the body’s oxygen
- 12. Unpacking the Brain • Is Self Aware • Thinks, Feels, Remembers • Calculates, Deduces, Extrapolates • Source of strength and willpower
- 13. The Deceptive Brain • Plagued with errors in thinking • Source of deception and downfalls • Flawed logic • False assumptions and logical biases
- 14. Thinking Modes - Fast Thinking • Involuntary, hard to switch off • Intuitive • Emotional , Impulsive What is it good for? • Survival instinct • Quick and Efficiency • Creates the model of our reality - our beliefs, experiences and memories S
- 15. Fast Thinking - Decisions • Relies on our memories of past experiences • Associates to our models & patterns of truth • Accepts coherent and related information • Prone to bias and errors of judgement
- 16. Thinking Modes - Slow Thinking • Logic, calculation, objective analysis • Slow, methodical, skeptical and unbelieving • Effortful, lazy What is it good for? • Planning, Reflection, Problem solving • May result in sound and unbiased decisions • Overrides the decisions made by the fast thinking part of the brain
- 17. Human Nature - we are our brain • (Mis)information overload • Posses logic - but not logical • Emotional Pathway of least resistance optimal path for the situation
- 18. Default Mode - Cognitive Biases • Assumptions • False beliefs / facts • Heuristics • Logical fallacies • Memories
- 19. Heuristics and biases • Mental shortcuts, rule of thumb - right and useful most of the time • Wrong often enough to lead us astray • Substitutes a hard question with a simple one Anchoring Availability Representativeness • Confirmation Bias
- 20. Logical Fallacies • Invalid or unreal logical connections • Argument from authority • Causal thinking • Special pleading • Ad hominen - against the person • False dichotomy / false continuum
- 22. Other Cognitive errors • Halo Effect • Inattentional blindness • Change blindness • Illusion of hindsight • Illusion of validity • Innumeracy - inadequate knowledge of statistics & probability
- 23. Our Memories • GET, POST, PATCH, DELETE • Confabulation and contamination • Emotional attachment to our memories • Overconfidence in understanding of the past and future
- 24. Why bother thinking critically? • Humility - we don’t know it all • Seek the truth over defending our strongly held position • Understand arguments, unpack problems and solve problems confidently • Learning how to learn
- 25. Why bother thinking critically? • Keep ourselves in check - purpose, motive, assumptions, biases and privileges • Retain our autonomy of thought • Empathy - understand ourselves and others better • Seek opportunities for making the right impact
- 26. How do we practice critical thinking? • Question: • Thoughts • Process of thinking • What we think we know
- 27. How do we practice critical thinking? Socratic questioning • Clarifying • Probe assumptions • Probe reasons and evidence • Perspectives • Implications & consequences • Questions about the questions
- 28. How do we practice critical thinking? • Huh, Really, So? • Dr de Bono’s 6 hat model • Be comfortable with uncertainty and do not judge • Instead of attacking someone’s belief - be curious
- 29. Summary • The human brain is both powerful and flawed • We are rational and emotional beings • Our decision making process is plagued by errors and biases • We can learn and practice the skill of critical thinking
- 31. Summary “An unexamined thought is not worth thinking”.. …..Anonymous
- 32. Quick Video … How many passes?
- 33. /* THANK YOU*/ Oz Chihwayi House Of Test ozchihwayi@gmail.com @ozchihwayi http://www.devconf.co.za/
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Personal Intro here..
- Agenda.. Set expectations
- Ice breaker… ask about Star Man? Any flat earthers here? Anyone still has their powerbands? Set house rules for engagement and interaction
- Ice breaker… ask about Star Man? Any flat earthers here? Anyone still has their powerbands? Set house rules for engagement and interaction
- Ice breaker… ask about Star Man? Any flat earthers here? Anyone still has their powerband balance? Set house rules for engagement and interaction
- Ice breaker… ask about Star Man? Any flat earthers here? Anyone still has their powerband balance? Set house rules for engagement and interaction UFO Sightings?
- Not about making strong negative comments in a tough voice
- Systematic questioning of our thinking, our premise and motive Examining our beliefs and norms Analysing the type of information, level of detail and relevance, inference, purposes, assumptions , in an idea - categorically, quantitatively and qualitatively
- Value the process of developing your arguments and reaching conclusions Our goal is basing your beliefs on actual evidence The goal is to arrive at conclusions that are likely to be reliable as opposed to conclusions that are unreliable, but we also want to have a sense of how reliable our conclusions are. Systemic skeptism
- To help us understand our thinking - we must unpack the thinking organ and try to understand how it works It is the most complicated organ Has no pain receptors Generates 20W of power out of the body’s 100W
- At it’s core - the brain thinks The brain can remember, feel, believe, calculate, extrapolate, infer, and deduce It does everything that we call thinking - it is our greatest tool and source of strength
- Our Brain is a double edged sword Our thinking is filled with false assumptions and logical biases It is dangerously deceptive Is is the source of our flaws, reason It does everything that we call thinking - it is our greatest tool Not Vulcans of Star Trek - who are all about
- Fast thinking part of the brain is automatic, and impulsive and intuitive, drive
- relies heavily on our memories of past experiences, outcomes to come up with the next course of action Makes Associations to our own models that we have built - our assumptions, beliefs and biases Matches patterns - and sees patterns where none exist Accepts coherent and related to our own experience the information is, the more it accepts them as true.
- Logical, calculation Taking time to analyse the task needed to be done Slow, methodical May result in sound and unbiased choices Prone to laziness - hates allocating too much mental effort on tasks Like the Vulcans of Star Trek - no emotion here.
- Misinformation age .. Our senses are bombarded with information. If you tried to analyze every single aspect of every situation or decision, you would never get anything done! Decisions are made by an interaction of the slow and fast thinking parts of the brain. Fast thinking being the intuitive and interacting with our environment, slow thinking in the background We possess logic but we are not inherently logical creatures - we are highly emotional Skills and abilities that need to be learned and practiced. **Beroca**
- The way our thinking is inclined or biased, often in an way that we are unaware and unconscious of it The brain is a pattern matching machine - we need to see a view of world that makes sense than it really is Our brains are also belief machines - brain is motivated to believe so that it Perhaps our greatest weakness is our susceptibility to delusion, the ability to hold a false belief against all evidence. We tend to naively assume that our memories are an accurate, passive recorder of what has happened, but our memories are actually plagued with numerous aws that make them highly unreliable. Visual pareidolia - seeing patterns where none exist
- Heuristics are patterns of thinking. They’re down and dirty rules of thumb mental shortcuts that we tend to take that may be right much of the time but are wrong often enough that they quite frequently lead us astray. They help us to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently. Efficient for quick decisions.. but have their downfalls\ They are built on our narrow view and experiences, which is our own universe Anchoring : focus on a prominent feature of an object, person, or event and then make decisions or judgments based on that single feature alone ( Availability - what is immediately accessible to us—what we can think of—we assume must be important and in influential. Representativeness Heuristic - what is more representative in our view - stereotypes Confirmation bias - we notice only the things that conform to our beliefs and norms.. Toilet seat, meetings..conversations
- Logical Fallacies - re arguments in which the conclusion does not have to be true if the premises are true. It does not follow Argument from authority suggests that a conclusion is correct because an authority figure asserts that it is correct. Causal thinking - We want to believe big causes have big effects. We tend to assume that if B follows A, therefore A must have caused B. - do not accept randomness Special pleading, which is also called ad-hoc or post-hoc reasoning, meaning that we invent reasons as needed in order to explain certain aspects of the evidence. False dichotomy logical fallacy is the false continuum fallacy, which denies the existence of extremes because there is a continuum in between. Slipery slope Rationalizing - starting with the conclusion and then arguing in order to defend that conclusion. Reasoning focuses on the process going forward, the conclusion owes from the logic and not the other way around.
- Logical Fallacies - re arguments in which the conclusion does not have to be true if the premises are true. It does not follow Argument from authority is a logical fallacy that typically suggests that a conclusion is correct because an authority gure asserts that it is correct. Causal thinking - big causes must have big effects. We tend to assume that if B follows A, therefore A must have caused B. - do not accept randomness Special pleading, which is also called ad-hoc or post-hoc reasoning, meaning that we invent reasons as needed in order to explain certain aspects of the evidence. False dichotomy logical fallacy is the false continuum fallacy, which denies the existence of extremes because there is a continuum in between. Rationalizing - starting with the conclusion and then arguing in order to defend that conclusion. Reasoning focuses on the process going forward, the conclusion owes from the logic and not the other way around.
- Halo effect - Good people are good all the time - bad people are bad all the time - our brain avoids cognitive dissonance and compartmentalises Inattentional blindness describes the notion that we are blind to things that we are not attending to. Change blindness, we do not notice dramatic changes to our environment. Innumeracy - inadequate knowledge and ignoring of statistics & probability - yet statistics can be used to evaluate probability and frequency of events in our situations Illusion of hindsight - we think we can predict the future coz our memories . Good decisions made in hindsight are downplayed ; bad decisions made in hindsight are over represented Illusion of validity - we make coherent stories based on the data we have - and become overconfident - the mind rejects opposing - prevalent in teams Illusion of brilliance - Confidence is not accuracy - but humility. Our brain easily and happy accepts Perception of value, loosing and winning
- Everything we think we see, hear, and experience is not a direct recording of the outside world; instead, it is a construction that happens in our brain we think and experience becomes a memory, which is further constructed, altered, and fused. confabulation: The filling in of details missing from either perception or memory. The brain invents the missing details to construct a consistent narrative.
- Empathy - An openness to immerse myself fully with a deep desire to understand other people's stories - i have found pleasure and great opportunities for learning and collaboration this way Critical thinking helps us to evaluate the facts and get our understanding closer to the truth, rather than defending whatever position we already hold as the truth and what we should believe by doing an unbiased evaluation. Humility - we do not know
- When left to our own devices - we can fool ourselves - the problem is we do not know that we are fooling ourselves till it’s too late Empathy - An openness to immerse myself fully with a deep desire to understand other people's stories - i have found pleasure and great opportunities for learning and collaboration this way Autonomy of thought - we can still have a right to question anything and be on a quest to seek the truth Critical thinking helps us to evaluate the facts and get our understanding closer to the truth, rather than defending whatever position we already hold as the truth and what we should believe by doing an unbiased evaluation. CHange the story we tell others and ourselves - seek opportunities to make the right impact
- Empathy - An openness to immerse myself fully with a deep desire to understand other people's stories - i have found pleasure and great opportunities for learning and collaboration this way Critical thinking helps us to evaluate the facts and get our understanding closer to the truth, rather than defending whatever position we already hold as the truth and what we should believe by doing an unbiased evaluation.
- Empathy - An openness to immerse myself fully with a deep desire to understand other people's stories - i have found pleasure and great opportunities for learning and collaboration this way Critical thinking helps us to evaluate the facts and get our understanding closer to the truth, rather than defending whatever position we already hold as the truth and what we should believe by doing an unbiased evaluation.
- Empathy - An openness to immerse myself fully with a deep desire to understand other people's stories - i have found pleasure and great opportunities for learning and collaboration this way Critical thinking helps us to evaluate the facts and get our understanding closer to the truth, rather than defending whatever position we already hold as the truth and what we should believe by doing an unbiased evaluation.
- Our Brain is a double edged sword Is is the source of our flaws, reason It does everything that we call thinking - it is our greatest tool