This document provides an overview of SQL and MySQL. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including a review of ColdFusion and PHP, more on Oracle SQL and SQL-Plus, and MySQL. It then discusses ColdFusion, PHP, web application servers, and MySQL in more detail over several slides. The slides cover SQL concepts like SELECT statements, functions, and data types. It also covers MySQL data types and provides examples of creating and manipulating databases and tables in SQL.
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更多的 SQL 和 MySQL
1. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 1IS 257 – Fall 2006
More on SQL (and MySQL)
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information
IS 257: Database Management
2. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 2IS 257 – Fall 2006
Lecture Outline
• Review
– ColdFusion
– PHP
• More on ORACLE SQL and SQL-Plus
• MySQL
3. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 3IS 257 – Fall 2006
Web Application Server Software
• ColdFusion
• PHP
• ASP
• All of the are server-side scripting
languages that embed code in HTML
pages
4. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 4IS 257 – Fall 2006
ColdFusion
• Developing WWW sites typically involved
a lot of programming to build dynamic
sites
– e.g. Pages generated as a result of catalog
searches, etc.
• ColdFusion was designed to permit the
construction of dynamic web sites with
only minor extensions to HTML through a
DBMS interface
5. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 5IS 257 – Fall 2006
What ColdFusion is Good for
• Putting up databases onto the Web
• Handling dynamic databases (Frequent
updates, etc)
• Making databases searchable and
updateable by users.
6. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 6IS 257 – Fall 2006
Templates
• Assume we have a database named
contents_of_my_shopping_cart.mdb -- single
table called contents...
• Create an HTML page (uses extension .cfm),
before <HEAD>...
• <CFQUERY NAME= ”cart"
DATASOURCE=“contents_of_my_shopping_ca
rt"> SELECT * FROM contents ;
</CFQUERY>
7. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 7IS 257 – Fall 2006
Templates cont.
• <HEAD>
• <TITLE>Contents of My Shopping Cart</TITLE>
• </HEAD>
• <BODY>
• <H1>Contents of My Shopping Cart</H1>
• <CFOUTPUT QUERY= ”cart">
• <B>#Item#</B> <BR>
• #Date_of_item# <BR>
• $#Price# <P>
• </CFOUTPUT>
• </BODY>
• </HTML>
8. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 8IS 257 – Fall 2006
Templates cont.
Contents of My Shopping Cart
Bouncy Ball with Psychedelic Markings
12 December 1998
$0.25
Shiny Blue Widget
14 December 1998
$2.53
Large Orange Widget
14 December 1998
$3.75
9. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 9IS 257 – Fall 2006
PHP
• PHP is an Open Source Software project
with many programmers working on the
code.
– Commonly paired with MySQL, another OSS
project
– Free
– Both Windows and Unix support
• Estimated that more than 250,000 web
sites use PHP as an Apache Module.
10. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 10IS 257 – Fall 2006
PHP Syntax
• Similar to ASP
• Includes most programming structures (Loops,
functions, Arrays, etc.)
• Loads HTML form variables so that they are
addressable by name
<HTML><BODY>
<?php
$myvar = “Hello World”;
echo $myvar ;
?>
</BODY></HTML>
11. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 11IS 257 – Fall 2006
Combined with MySQL
• DBMS interface appears as a set of
functions:
<HTML><BODY>
<?php
$db = mysql_connect(“localhost”, “root”);
mysql_select_db(“mydb”,$db);
$result = mysql_query(“SELECT * FROM employees”, $db);
Printf(“First Name: %s <br>n”, mysql_result($result, 0 “first”);
Printf(“Last Name: %s <br>n”, mysql_result($result, 0 “last”);
?></BODY></HTML>
12. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 12IS 257 – Fall 2006
SELECT
• Syntax:
– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3 as
label, function(xxx), calculation, attr5, attr6
FROM relname1 r1, relname2 r2,… rel3 r3
WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2
ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]
13. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 13IS 257 – Fall 2006
CREATE SYNONYM
• CREATE SYNONYM newname FOR
oldname;
• CREATE SYNONYM BIOLIFE for
ray.BIOLIFE;
14. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 14IS 257 – Fall 2006
SELECT Conditions
• = equal to a particular value
• >= greater than or equal to a particular value
• > greater than a particular value
• <= less than or equal to a particular value
• <> not equal to a particular value
• LIKE ‘%wom_n%’ (Note different wild card)
• IN (‘opt1’, ‘opt2’,…,’optn’)
21. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 21IS 257 – Fall 2006
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type
CONSTRAINT constr1 PRIMARY KEY, attr2
attr-type CONSTRAINT constr2 NOT NULL,…,
attrM attr-type CONSTRAINT constr3
REFERENCES owner.tablename(attrname) ON
DELETE CASCADE, attrN attr-type
CONSTRAINT constrN CHECK (attrN =
UPPER(attrN)), attrO attr-type DEFAULT
default_value);
• Adds a new table with the specified attributes
(and types) to the database.
– NOTE that the “CONSTRAINT and name parts are
optional)
22. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 22IS 257 – Fall 2006
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (
attr1 attr-type PRIMARY KEY,
attr2 attr-type NOT NULL,
…, attrM attr-type REFERENCES
owner.tablename(attrname) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
attrN attr-type CHECK (attrN =
UPPER(attrN)
attrO attr-type DEFAULT default_value);
– Without “CONSTRAINT” and name parts
23. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 23IS 257 – Fall 2006
Types
• VARCHAR2(size)
• NUMBER(p, s)
• LONG -- long char data
• DATE -- from 4712BC to 4714 AD
• RAW(size) -- binary
• LONG RAW -- large binary
• ROWID -- row reference
• CHAR(size) -- fixed length characters
24. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 24IS 257 – Fall 2006
Alter Table
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD attr1 attr-
type;
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD attr1
CONSTRAINT xxx constrainvalue;
• ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY attr1
optiontochange;
• ALTER TABLE table-name DROP COLUMN
attr1;
• Adds, drops or modifies a column in an
existing database table.
– Note: constrainvalue is any column constraint like
‘PRIMARY KEY’, REFERENCES, etc.
25. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 25IS 257 – Fall 2006
INSERT
• INSERT INTO table-name (attr1, attr4,
attr5,…, attrK) VALUES (“val1”, val4,
val5,…, “valK”);
• OR
• INSERT INTO table-name SELECT col1,
col2, col3 as newcol2, col4 FROM xx, yy
WHERE where-clause;
• Adds a new row(s) to a table.
26. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 26IS 257 – Fall 2006
DELETE
• DELETE FROM table-name WHERE
<where clause>;
• Removes rows from a table.
27. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 27IS 257 – Fall 2006
UPDATE
• UPDATE tablename SET attr1=newval,
attr2 = newval2 WHERE <where clause>;
• changes values in existing rows in a table
(those that match the WHERE clause).
28. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 28IS 257 – Fall 2006
DROP Table
• DROP TABLE tablename;
• Removes a table from the database.
29. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 29IS 257 – Fall 2006
CREATE INDEX
• CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX indexname
ON tablename (attr1 [ASC|DESC][, attr2
[ASC|DESC], ...])
• Adds an index on the specified attributes
to a table
30. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 30IS 257 – Fall 2006
System Information In ORACLE
• Find all of the tables for a user
– SELECT * FROM ALL_CATALOG WHERE
OWNER = ‘userid’;
– SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG; (or
CAT)
• Show the attributes and types of data for a
particular table in SQLPlus
– DESCRIBE tablename;
31. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 31IS 257 – Fall 2006
Running commands
• Create file with SQL and SQLPlus
commands in it.
– Use a plain text editor and NOT a word
processor (or save as text only)
• Give the file the extension .sql
• From inside SQLPlus type
– START filename
32. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 32IS 257 – Fall 2006
Simple formatting in SQLPlus
• SET PAGESIZE 500
• SET LINESIZE 79
• PROMPT stuff to put out to screen
• TTITLE “title to put at top of results pages”
• COLUMN col_name HEADING “New
Name”
33. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 33IS 257 – Fall 2006
Outputting results as a file…
• SPOOL filename
• Commands
– everything that you see is copied to the file
until…
• SPOOL STOP
– File will be created with everything between
the SPOOL commands
34. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 34IS 257 – Fall 2006
Lecture Outline
• Review
– ColdFusion
– PHP
• More on ORACLE SQL and SQL-Plus
• MySQL
35. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 35IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL
• The tag-line at http://www.mysql.com is
– The world's most popular open source database
• It is true, it is the most widely used open source
database system with users and uses that range from
individuals to major corporations and includes…
– Evite
– Friend Finder Network
– Friendster
– Google (not for search though )
– PriceGrabber.com
– Ticketmaster
– Yahoo!
– The US Census bureau
– and many, many others
36. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 36IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL myths
• The MySQL.com web site contains a list of
common myths and misconceptions about
MySQL and refutes them:
– MYTH: MySQL is a new, untested database
management system
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t support transactions like other
proprietary database engines (it is supposed to be in
the version we use here)
– MYTH: MySQL is only for small, departmental, or
web-based applications
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t offer enterprise-class features
– MYTH: MySQL doesn’t have the type of support large
corporations need
– MYTH: MySQL isn’t open source any more
37. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 37IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL documentation
• MySQL is available for download from
MySQL.com
• In addition that site has complete online
documentation for the MySQL system and
for the mysql client program in their
‘Developer Zone’
– The online manuals are quite readable and
have lot of examples to help you
38. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 38IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• MySQL supports all of the standard SQL numeric data
types. These types include the exact numeric data types
(INTEGER, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, and NUMERIC), as
well as the approximate numeric data types (FLOAT,
REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION). The keyword INT is
a synonym for INTEGER, and the keyword DEC is a
synonym for DECIMAL
• Numeric (can also be declared as UNSIGNED)
– TINYINT (1 byte)
– SMALLINT (2 bytes)
– MEDIUMINT (3 bytes)
– INT (4 bytes)
– BIGINT (8 bytes)
– NUMERIC or DECIMAL
– FLOAT
– DOUBLE (or DOUBLE PRECISION)
39. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 39IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• The date and time types for representing
temporal values are DATETIME, DATE,
TIMESTAMP, TIME, and YEAR. Each temporal
type has a range of legal values, as well as a
“zero” value that is used when you specify an
illegal value that MySQL cannot represent
– DATETIME '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
– DATE '0000-00-00'
– TIMESTAMP (4.1 and up) '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
– TIMESTAMP (before 4.1) 00000000000000
– TIME '00:00:00'
– YEAR 0000
40. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 40IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• The string types are CHAR, VARCHAR,
BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB, TEXT, ENUM,
and SET
• Maximum length for CHAR and VARCHAR is
255
• For longer things there is BLOB and TEXT
Value CHAR(4) Storage VARCHAR(4) Storage
"" " " 4 "" 1
"ab" "ab " 4 "ab" 3
"abcd" "abcd" 4 "abcd" 5
"abcdefg" "abcd" 4 "abcd" 5
41. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 41IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a
variable amount of data.
• The four BLOB types are TINYBLOB, BLOB,
MEDIUMBLOB, and LONGBLOB. These differ
only in the maximum length of the values they
can hold
• The four TEXT types are TINYTEXT, TEXT,
MEDIUMTEXT, and LONGTEXT. These
correspond to the four BLOB types and have the
same maximum lengths and storage
requirements
• TINY=1byte, BLOB and TEXT=2bytes,
MEDIUM=3bytes, LONG=4bytes
42. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 42IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• BINARY and VARBINARY are like CHAR and
VARCHAR but are intended for binary data of 255 bytes
or less
• ENUM is a list of values that are stored as their
addresses in the list
– For example, a column specified as ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')
can have any of the values shown here. The index of each value
is also shown:
• Value = Index
• NULL = NULL
• ‘’ = 0
• 'one’ = 1
• ‘two’ = 2
• ‘three’ = 3
– An enumeration can have a maximum of 65,535 elements.
43. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 43IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Data Types
• The final string type (for this version) is a SET
• A SET is a string object that can have zero or more
values, each of which must be chosen from a list of
allowed values specified when the table is created.
• SET column values that consist of multiple set members
are specified with members separated by commas (‘,’)
• For example, a column specified as SET('one', 'two')
NOT NULL can have any of these values:
– ''
– 'one'
– 'two'
– 'one,two‘
• A set can have up to 64 member values and is stored as
an 8byte number
44. 2006.10.19 SLIDE 44IS 257 – Fall 2006
MySQL Demo
• MySQL is on Dream, like ORACLE
• Setup via My.SIMS
• Unix command for interactive use is
‘mysql’ which needs to include ‘-p’ to be
prompted for the password, and optionally
includes your database name, e.g.:
– mysql ray –p
• Note that the version on Dream is not the
latest – it is currently V. 3.23.58, latest is
5.1
