This document discusses procedures and functions in Oracle. Procedures are reusable blocks of SQL and PL/SQL code that perform a specific task and are stored in the database. There are two types of procedures - anonymous and stored. Stored procedures have a unique name and can accept parameters. Functions are similar to procedures but return a single value. Both procedures and functions can take input parameters of different types. The document provides examples of creating and calling a procedure and function.

1. 1 Using ORACLE® Procedures and Functions

2. 2 Procedures A procedure is a collection of SQL and procedural statements that perform a specific task and are assigned a unique name within the schema and stored in the database. Advantages of Procedures: Dividing the program into smaller manageable units Stored in compiled form , hence improve performance. Enable creation of reusable code. DBA can grant/revoke privileges to users to access procedures, hence better security. Reduce network traffic as they are stored in the database .

3. 3 Types of Procedures There are two kinds of procedures: Anonymous: These procedures do not have a name assigned to them. It is complied each time when the user submits its source code to the database server. Stored : Unlike anonymous, stored procedures have a unique name assigned to them and are stored in the compiled form in the database. NOTE: Only Stored procedures can accept parameters and does not use the DECLARE BLOCK.

4. 4 Procedure Syntax SYNTAX: CREATE [/REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name [(parameter datatype),…...] [LANGUAGE { ADA|C|….|SQL} AS Statement 1; ….. …… Procedure body. SQL/PLSQL statements …. …. END; To execute the procedure: EXEC procedure_name;

5. 5 Procedure Example CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE InfoTable_proc AS counter number; c_name varchar2(15); BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('in order'); counter :=10; loop select name into c_name FROM ConTable where ID=counter; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c); EXIT WHEN counter<1; END LOOP; end;

6. 6 Function A function is a stored sub-routine that returns one value and as only input parameters. A stored function is same as a procedure except for the procedure keyword is replaced by the keyword function and it carries out a specific operation and returns a value. As functions do not take output parameters it must be assigned to a variable in the program. SYNTAX: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNTION function_name (<parameter list>) RETURN <return_type> AS variable declarations if any… … BEGIN Statement1… … END

7. 7 Function Example CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1( n IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER AS c NUMBER(4); Variable declaration f NUMBER(4); BEGIN c:=1; f:=1; WHILE (c<=n) LOOP Function Body f:=f*c; c:=c+1; END LOOP; RETURN f; END; This function when executed calculates the factorial of the parameter n.

8. 8 Parameters Both PROCEDURE or FUNCTION take different parameters. There are three different types of parameters :

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