2. Define complication with reference to CSOM
Enumerate the complications of CSOM
Identify a case of CSOM with complications
based on clinical features
Evaluation & management of CSOM with
complications
OBJECTIVES
3. Spread of infection beyond the confines of the
mucosal spaces of middle ear cleft
Definition
12. Congenital dehiscence: Dehiscence in facial canal and over the
jugular bulb
Patent sutures: Petro squamous suture
Temporal bone fractures: The fibrous scar permits infection
Surgical defects: Stapedectomy, fenestration and exposure of dura
Perilymphatic fistula: Congenital or acquired
Normal anatomical openings: Infection of labyrinth and from labyrinth
Preformed pathways
13. Ear pain
Fever
Severe headache
Projectile vomiting
Neck stiffness
Photophobia
Irritability / altered consciousness.
Features of impending complications
14. when infection spreads from the mucosa lining the mastoid air cells
to involve bony walls of the mastoid air cell system
Mastoiditis
16. Clinical Features of acute mastoiditis
Symptoms
Earache
Fever
Ear discharge-profuse & purulent
Signs
Mastoid tenderness
Sagging of postero-superior meatal wall
Eardrum perforation
Swelling, redness and bulging over the mastoid ( ironed out mastoid )
Hearing loss (conductive)
The persistence of otorrhea beyond 3 weeks in a case of AOM indicates
mastoiditis
23. slow destruction of mastoid air cells
acute sign and symptoms of acute mastoiditis are absent
Inadequate antibiotic therapy - Dose, frequency ,duration
pain, discharge, fever , mastoid swelling - Absent
mastoidectomy -extensive destruction of the air cells with
granulation tissue and dark gelatinous material filling the mastoid
Masked mastoiditis
24. Petrous bone - pneumatized in about 30% individuals
Two groups of air cells’ tracts -communicate mastoid and
middle ear to the petrous apex
Postero superior tract: From the attic and antrum the tract
passes around semicircular canals to petrous apex
Antero inferior tract: From the hypotympanum the tract
passes around the ET and cochlea to the petrous apex
Infection may pass through these cell tracts and reach petrous
apex
Petrositis
25. Cranial nerve VI palsy
Deep seated ear or retro-orbital pain
Persistent ear discharge
Persistent ear discharge in cases of cortical or modified
radical mastoidectomy may be due to Petrositis.
Gradenigo’s syndrome or triad
27. complication of both acute and chronic otitis media
Due to dehiscent facial canal-ASOM
Destruction of facial canal- CSOM-AAD
Treatment- in ASOM- myringotomy
- in CSOM- Cortical Mastoidectomy
Facial nerve paralysis
28. Acute inflammation of the labyrinth
Diffusion of toxins via the round window from the middle ear –
Serous Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthine fistula caused by hyperemic decalcification-
Circumscribed Labyrinthitis
Pyogenic infection of the labyrinth- suppurative Labyrinthitis
Retrospective diagnosis –with treatment improves in serous
labyrinthitis
LABYRINTHITIS
29. inflammation of leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid)and CSF of
subarachnoid space
most common intracranial complication
One third cases of meningitis are otogenic in origin
Otogenic meningitis
30. Circumscribed meningitis: no bacteria in CSF.
Generalized meningitis: bacteria are present in CSF
Retrograde thrombophlebitis, bone erosion, preformed
pathways.
Through oval and round windows.
Via perineural spaces to int. auditory canal or via endolymphatic
ducts.
Fracture, Dural tear, CSF leak
31. Serous stage: characterized by outpouring of fluid and
increased CSF pressure.
Cellular stage: characterized by increase number of
cells especially lymphocytes.
Bacterial stage: bacteria and polymorph nuclear
leucocytes are present in large numbers
stages of generalized meningitis
32. Rise in temperature (102–104°F) often with chills and rigors
Headache
Neck rigidity
Photophobia and mental irritability
Nausea and vomiting (sometimes projectile)
Cranial nerve palsies and hemiplegia
Symptoms
33. neck rigidity
positive Kernig’s sign
positive Brudzinski’s sign
tendon reflexes are exaggerated initially but later become
sluggish or absent
papilloedema (usually seen in late stages).
Signs
34.
35. HRCT Temporal bone
MRI
Funduscopic
Lumbar puncture is diagnostic:
CSF is cloudy and
CSF pressure is increased.
Contains bacteria and many polymorphs.
Protein concentration is raised but
Glucose and chlorides are decreased.
Investigations
36.
37. Thrombophlebitis of the lateral venous sinus
usually develops secondary to direct extension from a
perisinus abscess due to an advanced otitis media
Acute otitis media: Hemolytic streptococcus,
Pneumococci
Cholesteatoma: Bacillus proteus, Pseudomonas
pyocynea, Escherichia coli and Staphylococci
Lateral sinus thrombosis
40. Intracranial Complications: Lateral Sinus
Thrombosis-clinical
Signs of blood invasion:
- Fever (spiking) with rigors and chills or persistent
fever(septicemia)
Positive Greisinger’s sign which is edema and
tenderness over the area of the mastoid emissary vein.
Signs of increased intracranial pressure:
Headache, vomiting, and papilledema.
When the clot extends to the jugular vein, the vein
might be felt in the neck as a tender cord.
41. Intracranial Complications:
Lateral Sinus Thrombosis-
diagnosis
CT scan with contrast, “delta” sign
MRI, Angiography, Venography
Angiography, venography
Blood cultures is positive
during the febrile phase.
MR venography showing obstructed
sigmoid sinus on the right side and good
venous filling on the left
42. clinical features
Signs of blood invasion:
- Fever (spiking) with rigors and chills or persistent
fever(septicemia)
– Positive Greisinger’s sign which is edema and tenderness
over the area of the mastoid emissary vein.
Signs of increased intracranial pressure:
Headache, vomiting, and papilledema.
When the clot extends to the jugular vein, the vein might be
felt in the neck as a tender cord.
43. Treatment
Medical:
• High dose IV antibiotics and supportive treatment
• Anticoagulants
Surgical:
• Mastoidectomy with exposure of the affected sinus and
the intra-sinus abscess is drained.
44. Localized suppuration in the brain substance
Most lethal complication of suppurative otitis media
Otogenic brain abscess
48. Intracranial Complications: Brain
Abscess-treatment
Medical:
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
• Measures to decrease intracranial pressure.
Surgical:
• Neurosurgical drainage or excision of the
abscess .
• Mastoidectomy operation after subsidence of
the acute stage.
49. Increased intracranial pressure with normal CSF
Severe headache
Diplopia due to paralysis of VIth cranial nerve
Blurring of vision due to papilledema
Otitic hydrocephalus
51. HRCT Temporal bone
Lumbar puncture-elevated CSF pressure
Treatment - acetazolamide
corticosteroids
Lumbo peritoneal shunt
Treatment of the underlying cause
Evaluation & management
52. Collection of pus against the Dura of the middle or
posterior cranial fossa
EXTRADURAL ABSCESS
53. Extradural abscess – clinical & treatment
Clinical Picture
– Persistent headache on the side of otitis media
– Pulsating discharge
– Fever
– May be asymptomatic (discovered during surgery)
Diagnosis:
– CT scans reveal the abscess as well as the middle
ear pathology.
- MRI reveals associated dural inflammation.
Treatment:
– Mastoidectomy and drainage of the abscess.