Keynote address to the Affordable Learning Georgia Symposium on the Future of the Textbook. 12 December 2014, Athens GA.

1. “Affordable” Is Too Low a Bar:
The Future of the Textbook
David Wiley, PhD
Lumen Learning / CC / BYU
@opencontent :: #algeorgia

2. This presentation is licensed CC BY
unless otherwise noted

3. education

4. education =

5. education = sharing

6. sharing

7. what you know

8. sharing

9. feedback

10. sharing

11. encouragement

12. sharing

13. passion

14. sharing

15. yourself

16. education

17. faculty meetings

18. tenure and promotion

19. fighting for parking

20. educative acts

21. ALL

22. sharing

23. if

24. sharing

25. education

26. .

28. rivalrous

31. nonrivalrous

34. “He who receives
ideas from me,
receives instruction
himself without
lessening mine; as
he who lights his
taper at mine
receives light
without darkening
me.”
Thomas Jefferson

35. sharing

38. sharing

39. asynchronously?

40. externalize

43. externalized ideas

44. converted to rivalrous

45. Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away

47. externalized = nonrivalrous?

48. “internet”

51. externalized ideas

52. externalized ideas + online =

53. nonrivalrous

55. unprecedented capacity

56. sharing

57. education = sharing

58. unprecedented capacity

59. educate

60. except we can’t

62. ©

63. Uses Regulated
by Copyright
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Make a copy
of a work
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Make changes
to a work
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Redistribute
a work
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Public
performance of
a work
10s of people 100Ks of
people
100Ms of
people

64. Tech
Enables
Law
Forbids

66. in the air?

67. open

68. Open Educational Resources

69. Open Educational Resources?
Any kind of teaching materials –
textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,
videos, readings, exams

70. Open Educational Resources?
(1) Free and unfettered access, and
(2) Free copyright permissions to
engage in the 5R activities

71. open ≠ free

72. open = free + permissions

73. The 5Rs
Retain • Make and own copies
Reuse • Use in a wide range of ways
Revise • Adapt, modify, and improve
Remix • Combine two or more
Redistribute • Share with others

75. Tech
Enables
OER
Permits

76. traditionally © materials

78. openly licensed materials

80. not about cost

81. enabling innovation

82. improving student learning

83. not just copy and distribute

84. revise and remix

85. adapting

86. improving

87. local control

88. revisit

89. rivalrous / nonrivalrous

90. “anti-rivalrous”

91. open your resources

92. still have your resources

93. improved resources

94. when you… then you…
Rivalrous give away… have less.
Nonrivalrous give away… have the same.
“Anti-Rivalrous” give away… have more.

96. over 880M OER

97. miniscule adoption

98. we help get open adopted

99. we help get open adopted
effectively

100. adoption support
faculty training
instructional design
ongoing support
hosting
LMS integration
continuous improvement
research support

101. everything we make is open

102. (CC BY)

103. Red Hat for OER

104. no “catch”

105. small – UGA Biology

106. large – TCC Z Degree

107. open keeps us honest

109. Project Kaleidoscope

110. Participants
• 4,909 treatment
• 11,818 control
• 50 undergraduate courses
• 130 teachers
• 8 institutions

111. Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Propensity Score Matching
• Dependent variables: Completion; C
or Better; Credits Enrolled This Term;
Next Term
• Independent variable: Textbook
condition
• Covariates: age, gender, and race

112. Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%

113. Results
Increased:
• Completion (X2
res = +2.9, -2.9)
• C or Better (X2
res = -2.5, +2.7)
• Credits this term t(8101) = 27.81, p < .01
• Credits next term F(1, 6440) = 154.08,
p <.01
Submitted to Computers in Education

114. Utah Open Textbooks

115. Participants
• Nebo School District
• 4183 students
• 43 teachers
• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry

116. Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Treatment and Control Group
• Propensity Score Matching
• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,
special education, English language
proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and
race

117. Outcome: State Standardized Test
• IRT scaled scores increased
with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635
• Published in Ed Researcher

118. Developmental Math
Published in Educause Review

119. % Completing with C or Better
48.4%
60.2%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Spring
2011
No OER
Spring
2013
All OER

120. From textbook and MyMathLab ($170)
To OER and MyOpenMath ($5)

121. Learning Outcomes per Dollar
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better

122. Learning Outcomes per Dollar
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
0 100%
Completing with C or Better
$200

123. Learning Outcomes per Dollar
Pearson
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
0 100%
Completing with C or Better
$200

124. Learning Outcomes per Dollar
Pearson
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
OER
0 100%
Completing with C or Better
$200

125. public funding

126. gross negligence in procurement

127. $3500%, worse quality?

128. Associates of Business
“Z Degree”
Graduate without ever buying a textbook
World’s first “all-OER” degree
~30% cheaper for students

129. When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)

130. INTRO Model
(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 *
$358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $304,269 annual INTRO
Submitted to EPAA

131. open pedagogy

132. what’s possible?

133. disposable assignments

134. PM4ID

135. An Open Education Reader

136. Learning Objects Book

137. “If I have seen
further it is by
standing on the
shoulders of giants.”
Isaac Newton

138. Traditional
Copyright
=
Spiked
Shoulder Pads

139. Open Licenses
=
Bringing
Students
a Ladder

140. in conclusion

141. affordable > expensive

142. free > affordable

143. open > free

144. open = free + 5R permissions

145. open
permissionless innovation

146. open
increased learning outcomes / $

147. open
anti-rivalrous serendipity

148. don’t settle for affordable

149. when you could have open