GPS (Global Positioning System) Overview

GPS
(Global Positioning System)
Garmin GPSmap 60CSx
By Andi A.
SEI, PT

OUTLINES
Garis besar
History, Function & How GPS Works
Getting to Know the Terms in Using GPS Devices
Sejarah, Fungsi dan cara kerja GPS (Global Positioning System)
Mengenal Istilah dalam Menggunakan Perangkat GPS
Easy Ways to Use Garmin GPS 60CSX
Cara Mudah Menggunakan GPS garmin 60CSX

Starting from the military
GPS navigation systems begin in the early days of the launch of satellites into Earth's
orbit. The scientists discovered that they could track the position of satellites by observing
the shift in radio signals (doppler effect) from the earth. In the mid 60's, the United States
military began experimenting with satellites to track the movements of its nuclear
submarines. This experiment was so successful that in the following decade the US
Department of Defense began launching a GPS satellite which was originally named
Navstar (Navigation System with Timing and Ranging).

GPS (Global Positioning System) Function
Useful as a direction and destination
when driving, so the location of the
destination can be known even though
we have never explored or passed
before.
Navigation
For tracking systems, signal receivers
and display devices are in different
locations.
Vehicle Tracking
To monitor the movements of enemies or
terrorists and as a guiding direction to be
more targeted without having to injure the
surrounding civilians.
Military
To monitor the movement of land on earth,
so they can predict when an earthquake
possible will occur in an area.
Earthquake monitoring
For the purposes of determining an area in
making maps, managing borders and
measuring an area.
Geographical Information

How GPS work?
From 24 satellites emit signals to the surface of the earth from space. Then the signal
captured by the GPS device and then it will appear on the screen in the form of a digital
map. The position of these 24 satellites is in their respective orbits and is connected to
each other. Here are the arrangement of how it works:
1. The constellation of GPS satellites emits signals from outer space (Orbit)
2. The signal is then captured by the GPS signal receiver
3. Within a certain time of 3 GPS the object position will be obtained.

The location of the GPS receiver is the point of contact of the three circles that represent the radius of the
distance between the receiver and each satellite. This location search technique is known as trilateration

GLONASS and A-GPS
In addition to GPS, today's gadgets
usually also support location
determination via GLONASS. This
one term refers to a similar GPS
navigation satellite system
developed by Russia. GLONASS
stands for Globalnaya
Navigatsionnaya Sputnikivaya
Sistema (Global Navigation
Satellite System). Its development
began in 1976.

Besides Russia which developed GLONASS, the
European Union also developed a navigation system
called Galileo which was run by civil parties.
China also helped create a similar system called
BeiDou which is still under construction and only
operates in parts of Asia.
The A-GPS (Assisted GPS) is a technique to speed
up the initial location locking (TTFF, Time To First
Fix) on cellphones by utilizing cellular networks.
Typically, cellular BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
towers are also equipped with GPS receivers and
continuously update information and calculate
location data.

A-GPS (Assisted GPS)
Assisted GPS helps the process of finding receiver locations (cellphones) by forwarding location data
that has previously been calculated and stored by the BTS (base station). The process of sending to a
cellphone using a cellular connection.
This ready location data from the BTS is then forwarded to the mobile phone when requested, so the
device can immediately find out its position and shorten the initial locking process. A-GPS can save time
and battery usage, but use depends on cellular network availability. If there is no network, the cellphone
will use standalone GPS navigation (without the help of A-GPS) because it can function at any time even
if the cell phone is not receiving cellular signal. It should be added that the GPS function is totally
independent of cellular network availability. A-GPS only speeds up the initial lock on the cellphone.
Mobile users can also download offline maps (for example on Google Maps) so that maps in the
navigation application can still be seen even if there is no cellular signal.

2D mode
Two-dimensional coordinate system for mapping that uses at least 3 satellites.
3D mode
Three-dimensional coordinate system for mapping using four or more satellites.
Active Legs
Active route navigation trips.
Time of Acquisition
The time it takes the GPS receiver to get to the starting position with the help of satellite signals. In general, four satellites can determine 3D
location and three satellites can determine 2D location.
Almanac Data
GPS satellites transmit data including satellite orbit positions, clusters to other information. Almanac data can speed up satellite search by GPS
receivers.
Anti-joke
The United States Department of Defense prevents the receipt of information from third parties who can disrupt the system. The trick is to send
incorrect information through a section of P-code that is modulated in such a way, also known as a joke.

Beacon
A non-directional transmission station that is assembled to improve the accuracy of GPS mapping. Used to calibrate the apparent distance of
GPS and this depends on where a transmission station is located. If the GPS receiver is in the area around receiving and utilizing data, then
the accuracy of the mapping can be improved.
Automatic Clock
A precision clock that utilizes cesium or rubidium elements, the error margin is estimated to be one second for every million years.
Rough Acquisition Code (Code C / A)
GPS satellites emit standard site signals for use by many people. Included in this is time information along with mapping of GPS receiver
devices that have an accuracy of up to 100.
Normal Initiation
The GPS signal receiving device must carry out a series of initialization tasks at the time of system initiation, for example when retrieving
alamanak data. Now this process is also called initialization.
Control Segment
It consists of surface monitoring stations that are used to track and control satellite operations. The main function of this segment is so that
each satellite can send data in accordance with the user's receiving device. The station calibrates and maintains the parameters needed for
operation to each satellite so that it runs normally.
Coordinate
A set of numbers in a series of lines and points combined with a digital map format to explain your location on the surface.

Universal Time Coordinate (UTC)
Based on atomic measurements in 1986, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was set as the world standard time. Where is the most basic standard
time (zero longitude) that is not based on the earth's rotation time. Make this standard time used for time reference in the GPS satellite system.
Layer
Measuring a direction from the starting point to the end point in units of degrees, radians and miles.
Layer Deviation Indicator (CDI)
During navigation activities the CDI feature must be activated, this is useful so that the width of the layer can be adjusted so that excessive
deviation can be prevented early on. As for ships and aircraft that want to deviate from the route boundary, the GPS will automatically give a
warning by displaying the distance that has deviated from the route boundary line.
Original Layer (CMG)
The predetermined relative direction from the starting point to the current location.
Surface Layer (COG)
Movement direction relative to the surface.
Steering Wheel
Directions that must be followed to get to the intended destination.
Cross Lane Error (XTE / XTK)
Route deviation from the original route and regardless of the direction of its destination.

Datum
The design of a mathematical model that is applied in computing systems on the surface of the earth. Use latitude and longitude in determining
the specific geodetic coordinate system as a reference.
Target Footprint (DTK)
The direction of the starting point and end point on the compass between the waypoints.
Differential GPS (DGPS)
A navigation system technology that serves to improve the accuracy of GPS precision. With this technology the level of selective interference,
transmission pauses and other deficiencies can be minimized. This technology can also reduce satellite positioning accuracy errors by up to 10
meters.
Weakening of Precision (DOP)
If the quality of the reception results and the geometric shape between the satellites received and the users are interrelated and have a
profound effect, the error resulting from this fator is also called the fact of weakening precision. These conditions are classified as follows:
PDOP (DOP Position), GDOP (Geometric DOP), HDOP (horizontal DOP), VDOP (Vertical DOP) and TDOP (DOP Time).
DOD
A United States Department of Defense agency responsible for overseeing GPS systems.
Elevation
Vertical average distance from sea level.

Magnetic Variations
Magnetic compass can cause errors that are affected by changes in planetary movements. This is called magnetic deviation north from the true
north (usually shifting about 3 degrees to the west).
Map View
Use maps that display geographical areas and location characteristics.
Multiplex Receiving Unit
Is one of the technology of GPS receiver devices, where the channel used to receive signals is done sequentially from several satellites. Such
conditions make positioning accuracy or mapping low and are also vulnerable to dark effects in the interior forest.
Multiple lines
Multilevel effect is a condition where when the GPS signal is transmitted and then received by the antenna through two or more lines. This term
refers to the effect of multilevel carrier signals from GPS receiver devices generated by surrounding inhibitory refraction.
Ocean Mile
1 nautical mile is equivalent to 1,852 meters, this is a unit of length for sea and air.
Navigation
Activities are determined by the direction and path. These activities take the form of aircraft movements, ships, cars, walking or other activities.

Speed above Surface (SOG)
The real time speed of the GPS device is relative to the surface. The difference or speed difference in the sea and air due to the influence of
conditions in each area. For example an airplane flying at 120 Knots above the wind speed of 10 Knots which has a surface speed of only 110
Knots.
Land Mil
America and Europe use this unit to measure length (1 mile = 5280 feet / 1760 yards (1609 meters).
Straight Line Navigation
Distance without rotating from one point to another.
Triangulation
When a satellite orbits a set of coordinates that represent a location is always available (known value). For coordinates of an unknown GPS
receiver device, the satellite sends information over the elapsed time (representing the difference in the time of the satellite and the time of the
GPS receiver). Then the time difference is multiplied by the speed of the radio transmission (speed of light) You can calculate the distance
between the sending satellite and the GPS receiver. With this trigonometric relation system a series of formulas can be calculated.
Flip (TRN)
Route errors that occur make the current direction must be returned to the original destination route.
For more complete: https://gps7space.blogspot.com

Basically, how to use GPS Garmin all the same in every series

Battery Installation
Before starting, please install the battery first. The Garmin 60CSx GPS
operates using two AA batteries installed behind the body. Here's how to
install a battery on the 60CSx GPS:
1. Open the battery cover by turning the battery cover lock in an
anticlockwise direction, then pull the battery cover open.
2. Insert the battery as usual then close the battery cover lock again as
before.
3. If you don't use the GPS for a period of more than a month, it's better to
just remove the battery. Don't worry, the stored data will not be lost or
deleted.

Installation of MicroSD
Installation of MicroSD MicroSD is useful for storing files, photos and digital
maps that are printed under the battery. To install or remove a microSD,
please open the battery cover first. The method is the same as above
(Battery Installation). Next look for the microSD in the bottom slot of the
battery and then gently press the top edge of the micro SD until it sounds
"CLICK". How to remove it was the same when installing a microSD, i.e.
press gently until it sounds "CLICK" and leave it until the card is released.

Adjusting the Contrast and Light on the Screen
If you can't see the Garmin GPS screen at night or during the day, please
first adjust the brightness and contrast of "Backlight".
1. Press and release the POWER button (not too long).
2. Press the ROCKER key up or down to increase and decrease the light /
dim screen.
3. Press the ROCKER key left or right to determine the contrast level of
the screen.
4. Press Enter or Quit to close or exit.

Starting the GPS Reception Initialization
After the GPS gets a satellite signal it will display the news
"Acquiring Satellites" position will continue to adjust to a certain
accuracy. The location point occupied by my friend will now
appear and be recorded in the form of coordinates visible at
the top of the "Page". If GPS does not get a signal (weak
signal), a solution options menu window will appear. Select the
menu and then press ENTER. Try to move to a tall building,
tree or other obstacle. Refer to the "Owner's Manual Book" for
more information.

Displaying the GPSmap 60CSx Main Page
Displaying the GPSmap 60CSx Main Page
is able to display all the information
needed for navigation on the main page
(display screen). There are 5 main pages
that can be found including Satellite, Trip
Computer, Maps, Compass, Altimeter and
Main Menu. Press the Page Key button to
see the desired page.

Starting the GPS Reception Initialization
Before you can start using the Garmin GPSmap
60CSx, you have to wait until it says "The GPS to
intialize" on the GPS screen. The process means that
the device has allowed GPS 60CSx to receive and
store satellite data and then we can start using
satellites for navigation. This initial process occurs
automatically and only takes a few minutes.
GPS units require satellites to start operating. For that
bring GPS to an open place to find satellite signals.
When the Unit is searching, the GPS screen will say
"Locating Satellites".

Determine Marking (Waypoint)
With a Waypoint you can save each point on the Map Page in
memory which will later be used as a direction for navigation.
Then you can also create a waypoint at the current location,
name the waypoint and then save it for use in a route. Here's
how to determine the waypoint:
1. Press the ENTER button until the mark waypoint page
appears.
2. Press ENTER on the waypoint name and symbol to change
the waypoint and waypoint symbol according to your
wishes.
3. After all is done select "OK" then press ENTER.

Entering Data
You can use the ROCKER and ENTER keys to enter or
change data. To aim "The Field" you want to change,
please press the ROCKER key left, right, up and down. To
select "The Field" press the ENTER button, then use the
ROCKER key to sort an option from a Menu and then
press the ENTER button. Here you can enter words and
numbers with the help of ROCKER and on-screen
keyboard. To enter data, use ROCKER to aim for a word
name and number. To select the names and numbers that
have been targeted just press ENTER. Continue word
selection with ROCKER and ENTER. When finished, click
"OK" and press the ENTER button.

Creating and Displaying Tracks
Tracks can be translated in the form of a footprint. These
footprints are displayed carefully in any direction when you
move. This track looks like a dot on the "Map Page" screen.
GPS Garmin 60CSx will automatically record the track of your
movements and displayed in dotted lines or what is called "a
track log". To create a track is as follows:
1. Press the menu button twice then select Track.
2. Select clear (If the precentage of memory in use is not yet
0%), then press ENTER. Then a confirmation will appear
and select OK.
3. When the track reaches 0%, the new track is ready to use.
4. To create a new track, you can select ON then press
ENTER.
5. When the track is complete, save the track by selecting the
SAVE menu and then pressing ENTER.

How to Find Places
You can use "Find Page" to be able to search for
Waypoints, Geocache points and cities. If you have
saved the data, then you can search for it again.
How to find a Waypoint:
1. Press FIND then the Find page will appear, Then
point the Waypoint then press ENTER. Use
ROCKER to display a list of names and
waypoints you want to get. Select Waypoint by
pressing ENTER, then the Waypoint information
screen will appear.
2. To shoot a folder use ROCKER and if you want to
see a Waypoint on the map press ENTER. Then
select "Go to" to start navigation.

How to Create a Route
A route is the direction of a line from one point to another, or from one
point to several other points. You can make a simple route line,
namely by getting a Waypoints and activating "go to". Not only this,
here you can also create a more complex route (involving multiple
points) with "Routes Page". How to create a route is as follows:
1. Press MENU twice, then select "Routes".
2. Select New, then select Next Point.
3. Use the Find Menu to select the Waypoints route from one of the
Find groups.
4. Select “Select” next point to add a waypoint to the route. Specify
the waypoint to be used (Recent Finds / Waypoints / Cities /
Geochache / marine). Select the waypoint that you want and then
ENTER, then select Use, press ENTER again (Do it like that until
all the required waypoints are all there).
5. Select Navigate, then press ENTER.
6. Select Follow Road (if the route is made to follow the road) or off
road (if the route made does not follow the road).

How to Calculate the Area
GPSMap Handheld 60CSx is very suitable for use as a measuring tool in the field. Here you can determine the area
of agricultural land, mining, settlement, land and so forth. But by default the area count feature does not yet exist in
GPSmap 60CSx, therefore we have to set it up by hand manually. The trick is as follows: Turn on the GPSmap
60CSx unit, wait until it is connected to the satellite signal. If the satellite signal indicator appears and the
coordinates are there it means that the GPS is ready to use.
1. Press the Menu button twice, if the main menu page appears select SETUP
2. Press the ENTER button
3. Select Page Squence then ENTER
4. Additional pages appear, then press the ROCKER key down until there is a Add Page option then ENTER. Select
the Calculation Area and finish by pressing the ENTER button.
5. If you've added a page, the next step is to bring up the "Area Calculation" page by pressing the PAGE button
several times.
6. Press the Start button on the Area Calculation page, after you ENTER the Start button will change to a stop
button, if so it means that GPS can be used to calculate Area.

Starting Measurements
Starting Measurements Try to walk in the area where you want to calculate the area, from point A
(beginning) and back to point A (end). After walking around the measured area, then press the Stop
button. Now later under the stop button will appear the results of the calculation area. On other
pages information will appear from the results of the calculation of the friend you did earlier, such
as:
1. Name (press the ROCKER key up to the Field Name to change the desired name). Then press
ENTER and fill in the desired name.
2. Distance, Area and Color information.
3. After all is done press the OK button to save all measurement results. Note: Garmin GPS has an
accuracy level of around 5-15 meters, so it is not recommended to measure the area. For more
accurate measurements, you can use the GPS mapping or GPS Geodetic type that accuracy
can reach 5mm-10mm.

How to Enter a Point into Google Earth
Following are the steps to insert a point into
Google Earth:
1. Open the Google Earth application then select
Add on the Menu, then select Placemark or
press Ctrl + Shift + P together.
2. Then create a new Placemark "New Placemark"
and input the coordinates of the place to be
input, starting from Zone, Easting, Northing (if
UTM coordinates). Change the name of the
point to your liking, for example Testing1. When
finished all select OK.

Reference
• https://gps7space.blogspot.com
• GARMIN. GPSMAP 60Cx “color map navigator” – owner’s
manual. 2007
• GARMIN. GPSMAP 60Cx “with sensors and maps” quick
start guide. 2005
• GARMIN. OREGON Series “450, 450t, 550, 550t” –
owner’s manual. 2009-2010
• GARMIN. OREGON Series “450, 450t, 550, 550t” – quick
start manual. 2009
• https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2017/06/22/11030527/apa.i
tu.gps.dan.cara.kerjanya?page=all

That’s all. Thank you! 
Any Questions?

Total Station (TS) & LiDAR
Total Station (TS)
Total Station (TS) is a tool used in mapping and building
construction.
Total Station is a distance and angle measuring device (horizontal
and vertical angles) automatically. TS is equipped with a memory
chip, so angular and distance measurement data can be stored and
then downloaded and processed computationally. The total station
is a kind of theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter
(EDM) component to read the distance and slope of the instrument
to a certain point.
https://vancivil.blogspot.com/2016/01/fungsi-total-station-dan-cara-kerjanya.html

Total Station (TS) & LiDAR
LiDAR
Light Distance And Ranging or what we are familiar
with LiDAR is an object detection method that uses the
principle of laser beam reflection to measure the
distance of objects on the surface of the earth. This
technology was first used in the 1960s for aviation
purposes, but has only been popular for mapping
systems from the 1980s to the present.
https://digiwarestore.com/id/digiware-news/43_apakah-lidar-itu-dan-bagaimana-cara-kerjanya

GPS (Global Positioning System) Overview

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