1. HONGOS Capítulo 31

2. Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes Diplomonads, parabasalids Euglenozoans Alveolates (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates) Domain Archaea Universal ancestor Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Stramenopiles (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) Cercozoans, radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Chapter 29 Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) Plants Fungi Animals Chapter 30 Chapter 28 Seedless vascular plants (ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Amoebozoans (amoebas, slime molds) Chytrids Chapter 31 Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Chapter 32 Chapters 33, 34 Sac fungi Club fungi Choanoflagellates Sponges Cnidarians (jellies, coral) Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)

6. Modo de alimentación enzimas degradativas macromoléculas sustrato moléculas pequeñas absorción

15. LE 31-3 Nuclei Septate hypha Septum Pore Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Coenocytic hypha Hifas

24. LE 31-5–3 Haploid ( n ) Key Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygote Spores GERMINATION MEIOSIS Spore-producing structures ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores GERMINATION Spore-producing structures

27. Mycelium Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm)

29. Mycelium Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage

32. Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) MEIOSIS Spore-producing structures KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Zygote

34. Reproducción sexual Mycelium GERMINATION MEIOSIS Spore-producing structures Spores Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygote

36. Spore-producing structures Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION GERMINATION Mycelium Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n )

37. LE 31-5–3 Haploid ( n ) Key Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2 n ) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygote Spores GERMINATION MEIOSIS Spore-producing structures ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores GERMINATION Spore-producing structures

46. LE 31-9 Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Basidiomycota Ascomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota

51. LE 31-12 Rhizopus growing on bread Mating type (+) Mating type (–) Gametangia with haploid nuclei PLASMOGAMY Key Haploid ( n ) Heterokaryotic ( n + n ) Diploid (2 n ) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Diploid nuclei MEIOSIS Sporangium Mycelium Dispersal and germination Dispersal and germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sporangia 50 µm

64. LE 31-17 PLASMOGAMY Key Haploid ( n ) Dikaryotic ( n + n ) Diploid (2 n ) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS Dikaryotic hyphae extended from ascogonium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Diploid nucleus (zygote) Dispersal Germination Mycelium Mycelia Conidiophore Conidia; mating type (–) Mating type (+) Ascus (dikaryotic) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Germination Dispersal

68. LE 31-20 PLASMOGAMY Key Haploid ( n ) Dikaryotic ( n + n ) Diploid (2 n ) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Dikaryotic mycelium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei Dispersal and germination Basidium 1 µm Mating type (+) Mating type (–) Haploid mycelia Gills lined with basidia Basidiocarp (dikaryotic) Basidia (dikaryotic) Diploid nuclei Basidiospore Basidium with four appendages Basidiospores