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1. Membranes, Produced Water
Membrane processes, have for a long time been the most preferred
water treating techniques that help in salt removal from produced
water. In these produced water management processes,salt has always
been the major element that guides operators on how they should
manage produced water onshore. Injecting produced water for
recovery and/or disposal underground, the salt amount will not raise a
major safety problem. However, when we intend to recycle and later
discharge to an onshore surface body water, it is important that we
ensure the salt levels are low in order to avoid creation of salt related
problems. The processes have been designed in such a way that, while
using the membranes, the produced water is purified by removing salt,
metals and constituting inorganic chemicals.
Among the membrane processes is filtration. This method is done by
letting liquids pass through membranes that have small pore sizes. The
membrane therefore, acts selectively-only allowing particles smaller than
the pores to pass through, while the suspended and dissolved particles
large than size of membrane pores get blocked. After tests were carried
out, it was found out that the filtration membranes, produced water at
different levels depending with the various pore size ranges used.
Therefore, various pore size ranges of filtration membranes have come to
existence. They include: reverse osmosis, nano-filtration, ultra-filtration
and micro-filtration. The energy to push the particle through the pore
increases whenever the size of the pores of the membrane decreases.
Also as size of the pore decreases, the probability of fouling the
membrane increases. With this kind of oscillations in behavior of particles
and pore size,membrane filtration is usually done in stages. The first
treatment procedure serves to remove larger constituents blocking them
from reaching to the membrane depending with the material in the
waste-water effluent.
Microfiltration and/or ultrafiltration methods can be used in the first
treatment module when the reverse osmosis has to be perfomed in the
final process,removing salt and metals.Different chemicals are added to
the water treatment technology system forcleaning ,anti-fouling and
other pretreatment stage processes.
The other membrane process for removing salt from produced water is
Electrodialysis. This membrane process separates ions in the solutions.
Electric current is then released to the cell,causing the cations to migrate
to one point and the anions to another. Here the alternating cells of most

2. concentrated constituents get to be in the membrane spaces as
migrating ions try to pass the selective permeable membrane. With the
process being administered at a low pressure, the Electrodialysis process
consumes less energy than the reverse osmosis process.
Though it is a method which has not been tried under full scale
operations,another membrane process in use and has been identified
for future use is the forward osmosis process. A process which does not
require energy from external pressure, forward osmosis is unlike the
reverse osmosis where energy is required for particles to pass through
membranes with small pores.In forward osmosis, water diffuses from a
stream with low osmotic pressure to a hypertonic solution which has a
higher osmotic pressure.
New methods are coming up, and are currently being tested to check
for their functionality, effectiveness and affordability as they are used in
desalinating water. One of them is membrane distillation, which is a
process facilitating the movement of particles through a hydrophobic,
micropius membrane with the aid of low heat energy.

3. Fragances, shop online
Fragance is the thing which really inspires everyone. No age limit is
required to like the smell of perfume. Some of the people can’t spend a
minute without putting on any perfume. People like to spend money on
their perfumes and prefer to buy the brand name and the latest one.
There are plenty of perfumes are available in the market and different
brands are showcasing the new and the most expensive ones as well.
These are of different prices and having different levels of strong
fragance.
Today because of the latest technology and computerized systems
people are shopping online and also selling products online by sitting at
home. Today people are selling and buying perfumes online and for
different websites and online shops are available. Most of the time
people do not have money and transport facility so that they can’t go
out for shopping so this is the best options for them to pay through credit
cards and place an order and get the home delivery.
Tips for choosing perfume online.
Today perfumes are being sold online almost everywhere in the country.
There are plenty of perfumes are available with different category and
prices and gives you a huge variety to choose the one on your own.
These perfumes are for both male and female and for different purpose
like casual, romantic wear, and common use etc. In the original market
these perfumes are sold in very high rate which is really affordable for the
normal people. This is one of the reasons people now prefer to buy
perfumes most online. They get the best Fragances and according to
their need from these online stores as well.
Most of the stores are also selling the perfumes online but the rates are
reasonable as compare to the market. When you go for online perfume
shopping there are few things that need to be considered and should
keep in mind. These things will help you to choose the best product and
the best store which is suitable for you and having the best quality.
1. Best Price.
When you buy fragances online you first need to look at the price
whether the price they are offering is the right one or not or if they are
charging some extra money. These online stores are good but on the
other hand they mostly show the price but not charging according to
the mentioned rates. The best way is that just visit different online stores

4. so that you will find the rates of that perfume and you will be sure that
they are charging the right amount or not.
2. Quality of product.
When you do online shopping just make sure the thing and the product
you require you get the exact one and without any fault and make sure
in case of any defect their will be a chance of refund or exchange. In
case of any defect or the quality is not satisfying you can change it and
get the other one or the change of money refund. One more thing when
choosing the store you should also review the customers feedback and
testimonials so that it will also help you in choosing the right online store
for shopping.
Fragances, shop online here.

5. Spanish Courses in Madrid
It’s no secret that if you want to eat French-fries then no place could be
better than The United States of America. As it is an American food. In
the same way if you want to learn the language Spanish then you have
to look at the place of its origin, Spain. But Spain isn’t that specific or
good location it still needs a look more closely. Madrid, the cosmopolitan
city and the capital of Spain, no place could be better than that to learn
Spanish. It is a place where the thoughts of the new generation blend
flawlessly with the old and vice-versa respecting each-other and
understanding the importance of the other one. Its magnificent art,
culture, architecture and legendary night-life has established and
elevated its value on the commercial as well as financial front. It is a
pulsating and alive city full of joyous experiences which are unique in
their own way.
Many universities welcome the student with a comfortable and fresh
environment in which to study Spanish. No matter which program you
choose to learn Spanish, whether it is the usual general program or a
special Spanish exam preparation course, DELE, or the executive course
which helps you on the formal business front, you tend to benefit by all
the necessary facilities, like video libraries, reading rooms, or a healthy
competitive environment which helps you focus on your skills, pushing
you to greater heights and demanding your dedication and
commitment if you want to stay on top.
All the universities provide you with ample of time to rub and practice
your skills while motivating and encouraging you to perform well under
pressure and helping you devote more time in the classroom making you
self-dependant to understand the concepts well and at greater ease.
Their intense teaching provides students with the idea about the hard
work and smart work at the same time.
In many Spanish teaching universities the skilled teaching staff has been
trained in PPP style, which means presentation, practice and production.
The teaching is structured into many levels like, low, high, extras and
finally confidence to communicate, so as not to leave out on any key-
feature of learning. Teachers often conduct fun-activities to keep the
children on track and help them develop the fun feeling not being
bugged by the boredom while learning a completely different and new
concept of language.

6. The books consume only 40% of the learning rest is assembled into
various other activities like reading, writing, and practicing it outside with
confidence. Reading improves according to the time spent in practicing
and once your master reading, writing itself gets on your hand then
comes practicing the new language outside with right attitude which
people often find a bit difficult during the early stages. As we all have our
hesitation while playing a game we have little knowledge of, but as the
time passes and the teaching progresses, gradually the practice also
gets better. Once you control your fears, then you can easily express
everything with the right attitude and expertise. So, Say it!
More info of spanish courses in Madrid: click here.

7. Tips when Choosing Flats and Apartments in
Barcelona
Opting to rent one of those flats and apartments in Barcelona is definitely
a better idea than checking in a hotel. Today, this beautiful Catalonia
city is a top tourist destination that hotel room rates have skyrocketed. At
half the price of the cheapest hotel in Barcelona, one can enjoy more
privacy, greater comfort and utter convenience in these holiday homes.
There is nothing difficult about looking for these flats and apartments in
Barcelona. Since the city expects thousands of guests from all over the
world everyday, there are hundreds of these scattered in the city centers
and even in the surrounding barrios or neighborhoods. However, it is very
important to do the house-hunting in the planning phase of the trip and
not after one got off the plane.
For guidance, here is a list of the things which should be considered
when choosing a holiday home in Barcelona:
Location, Location, Location…
Naturally, the first thing which must be taken note of is the location of the
flat or apartment. More often than not, tourists decide to stay in places in
the city centers since it is thought to be more convenient. Then again,
there are others who prefer the peace and quiet of the suburbs or
maybe hear the crashing of the waves against the shore. Surprisingly,
one can find city convenience, the old feel of the city and some tipical
in Barcelona – the Gothic Quarter.
Total Floor Area, Number of Rooms, etc.
The second most important thing to look for in Barcelona apartments is its
size. For couples, a one-bedroom apartment would be enough.
However, large families or groups of friends will, naturally, require bigger
space. Usually, those located in the suburbs are more spacious
compared to those in the central business districts and those very close
to well-known and often-visited tour spots.
Comfort and Convenience
See that the flat or apartment is well-equipped with everything needed
for the stay from pillows and blankets in the bedroom to pots and pans in
the kitchen . While some tourists do not need to have a TV or internet
connection, these facilities are huge plus-points. Obviously, the place
should be clean as well.

8. Cost
Price should not matter when one wants to have the best holiday
vacation ever. But smart travelers still consider this since they want to
spend their money in more recreational activities such as touring, dining
and shopping. Flats and apartments in Barcelona that are very near
tourist destinations would be more expensive.
Travel agents usually do the search for flats and apartments in Barcelona
for their clients. Most of the time, they will be the ones referring these,
actually. However, it would still be smarter to browse through the internet
based on the pointers mentioned earlier.
For those who do not want to be bothered with the research and opt to
sign up with a travel agency, it is very important to choose one which
has a local office in Barcelona. It is easier to complain and resolve the
issues in case there are problems with the holiday home.
http://www.ociolarium.com/membranes-produced-water/
http://www.ociolarium.com/fragances-shop-online/
http://www.ociolarium.com/spanish-courses-in-madrid/
http://www.ociolarium.com/tips-when-choosing-flats-and-apartments-in-barcelona/
If you want to know more http://www.ociolarium.com