Tenth lesson of the computer networking class

1. Week 10
Routing in IP networks
Interdomain routing with BGP

2. Agenda
• Routing in IP networks
• IPv6 subnets
• Routing organisation
• RIP
• OSPF
• Interdomain routing

3. Neighbour discovery
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:A
Eth : A
1080:0:0:0:8:A wants to send a packet to 1080:0:0:0:8:C
1
2
Neighbour solicitation: Addr Eth 1080:0:0:0:8:C ? sent to IPv6 multicast address
3
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Eth : C
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Eth : C
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:A
Eth : A
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Neighbour advertisement: 1080:0:0:0:8:C is reachable via Ethernet Add : C
Eth : C
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:A
Eth : A

4. ICMPv6 Neighbor
Discovery
• Neighbour solicitation
Type : 135 Code:0 Checksum
The IPv6 address for which the link-layer Reserved
R : true if node is a router
S : true if answers to a neighbour solicitation
• Neighbour advertisement
Target IPv6 Address
(e.g. Ethernet) address is needed.
May also contain an optional field with the link-layer (e.g.
Ethernet) address of the sender.
Type : 136 Code:0 Checksum
R S O Reserved
Target IPv6 Address
Target link layer Address
The IPv6 and link-layer addresses

5. Router
advertisements
Ver Tclass Flow Label
58 255
Payload Length
Router IPv6 address
(link local)
FF02::1
(all nodes)
Type:134 Code : 0 Checksum
CurHLim Router lifetime
Retrans Timer
Maximum hop limit to avoid spoofed packets from
outside LAN
M O Res
Reachable Time
Options
Value of hop limit to be used by hosts when sending
IPv6 packets
The lifetime associated with the default router in units
of seconds. 0 is the router sending the advertisement
is not a default router.
The time, in milliseconds, that a node assumes a
neighbour is reachable after having received a
reachability confirmation.
The time, in milliseconds, between retransmitted
Neighbor Solicitation messages.
MTU to be used on the LAN
Prefixes to be used on the LAN

6. RA options
• Format of the options
• MTU option
• Prefix option
Type Length Options
Options (cont.)
Type : 5 Length:1 Reserved
MTU
Type : 3 Length:4 PreLen L A Res.
Valid Lifetime
Preferred Lifetime
Reserved2
IPv6 prefix
Number of bits in IPv6 prefix that identify subnet
The validity period of the prefix in seconds
The duration in seconds that addresses generated from
the prefix via stateless address autoconfiguration remain
preferred.

7. Autoconfiguration
• What happens when an endsystem boots ?
ICMPv6 : Neighbour Solicitation
Sent to multicast address
Is someone using IPv6 address :
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A) ?
• Use Link-local IPv6 address (FE80::/64)
• Each host, has a link-local IPv6 address
• But another node might have chosen the
same address !
R
Ethernet : 0800:200C:417A
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)
Address is valid if nobody answers

8. Global IPv6 address
• How to obtain the IPv6 prefix of the subnet ?
• Wait for router advertisements
• Solicit router advertisement
R
ICMPv6 : Router Solicitation
IPv6 Src: FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)
Ethernet : 0800:200C:417A IPv6 Dest: FF02::2
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)

9. Global IPv6 address
• IPv6 addresses are allocated for limited
lifetime
• This allows IPv6 to easily support
renumbering
R
ICMPv6 : Router Advertisement
IPv6 Src: FE80::M64(EthernetR)
IPv6 Dest: FF02::1
IPv6 Prefix = 2001:6a8:1100::/48
Prefix lifetime
Ethernet : 0800:200C:417A
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)

10. Privacy issues
• Autoconfigured IPv6 addresses contain
the MAC address of the hosts
• How to maintain privacy with IPv6 ?
• Use DHCPv6 and never reallocate the
same IPv6 address
• Allow hosts to use random host ids
• algorithms have been implemented to
generate such random host ids on
nodes with and without stable storage

11. ICMP Redirect
2001:db8:1234:5678::1
R1
2001:db8:1234:5678::/64
2001:db8:1234:5678::AA
2001:db8:1234:5678::BB
R2
2001:db8:2345::/48
2001:db8:1234:5678::2
::/0

12. Agenda
• IPv6
• Routing in IP networks
• IPv6 subnets
• RIP
• OSPF

13. RIP
• Distance vector
• default period : 30 seconds (with jitter)
• distance vector is multicasted in UDP
message to all RIP routers in local subnets
• Optional extension :
• send distance vector after each change
• but some links flaps...
• send distance vector if routing table
changed and did not send another
vector within the last 5 seconds

14. RIP : message format
• RIP messages are sent over UDP
• port 520

15. RIP : Route
Entries

16. Agenda
• Routing in IP networks
• IPv6 subnets
• RIP
• OSPF

17. OSPF
• Standard link-state routing protocol for
TCP/IP architecture
• Builds upon link-state routing with
some extensions
• Hierarchical routing with areas
• Designated routers on subnets
• Equal Cost Multipath

18. OSPF
• Operation
• HELLO packets to discover neighbours
• Update of routing tables
• Link state packets
• acknowledgements, sequence
numbers, age
• periodic transmission/ link changes
• Database description
• Link state Request
• used when a router boots to request link
state packets from neighbours

19. OSPF details
R R R R
2001:db8:1::A/48 2001:db8:1::B/48 2001:db8:1::C/48 2001:db8:1::D/48
2001:db8:1::C/48
2001:db8:1::B/48
2001:db8:1::A/48
2001:db8:1::D/48

20. OSPF details
(2)
R R R R
2001:db8:1::A/48 2001:db8:1::B/48 2001:db8:1::C/48 2001:db8:1::D/48
2001:db8:1::C/48
2001:db8:1::B/48
2001:db8:1::A/48
LAN
2001:db8:1::D/48

21. OSPF in large
networks
• Divide network in areas
• Backbone area : network backbone
• all routers connected to two or more areas
belong to the backbone area
• All non-backbone areas must be attached to
the backbone area
• at least one router inside each area must
be attached to the backbone
• OSPF routing must allow any router to send
packets to any other router

22. OSPF details
(4)
R1 R5
R7 R8
D E
R9 R10
C
D E
R3 R4
RA
RC
RB
Inside each non-backbone area
l Routers exchange link state packets to
distribute the topology of the area
l Routers do not know the topology of
other areas, but each router knows how
to reach the backbone area
Stub AREA 1
AREA 0
AREA 2
Inside backbone area
l Routers exchange link state packets to
distribute the topology of the backbone area
l Each router knows how to reach the other
areas and distance vectors are used to
distribute inter-area routes

23. OSPF areas

24. Equal Cost Multipath
• How to use all paths without hurting
TCP performance
R3 R7
R1 R2
R4
R5
R6
R8
R9
RD

25. Agenda
• Routing in IP networks
• Interdomain routing
• Peering links
• BGP basics

26. Interdomain routing
• Goals
• Allow to transmit IP packets along the
best path towards their destination
through several transit domains while
taking into account their routing policies
of each domain without knowing their
detailed topology
• From an interdomain viewpoint, best path
often means cheapest path
• Each domain is free to specify inside its
routing policy the domains for which it
agrees to provide a transit service and
the method it uses to select the best path
to reach each destination

27. Interdomain links
• Private link
• Usually a leased line between two routers
belonging to the two connected domains
R1 R2
DomainA DomainB

28. Interconnection
exchanges
• How to efficiently connect several
domains together ?
R1
R2
R3
R4
Physical link
Interdomain link

29. An Internet exchange
point

30. AMS-IX
• Largest IX in the world

31. AMS-IX

32. Routing policies
• A domain specifies its routing policy by
defining on each BGP router two sets of filters
for each peer
• Import filter
• Specifies which routes can be accepted by
the router among all the received routes
from a given peer
• Export filter
• Specifies which routes can be advertised by
the router to a given peer

33. Routing policies
with RPSL
AS1 AS2
AS3 AS4
$
AS7
Customer-provider
$ $ $
$
Shared-cost
Import policy for AS4
Import: from AS3 accept AS3
import: from AS7 accept AS7
import: from AS1 accept ANY
import: from AS2 accept ANY
Export policy for AS4
export: to AS3 announce AS4 AS7
export: to AS7 announce ANY
export: to AS1 announce AS4 AS7
export: to AS2 announce AS4 AS7
Import policy for AS7
Import: from AS4 accept ANY
Export policy for AS4
export: to AS4 announce AS7

34. Agenda
• Routing in IP networks
• Interdomain routing
• Peering links
• BGP basics

35. Border Gateway Protocol
• Path vector protocol
• BGP router advertises its best route to each
destination
AS1 AS2
AS4
2001:db8:1/48
AS5
lprefix:2001:db8:1/48
lASPath: AS1
lprefix: 2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: ::AS2:AS4:AS1
lprefix: 2001:db8:1/48
lASPath: AS4:AS1
lprefix: 2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: AS1
• ... with incremental updates

36. BGP : Principles
• BGP relies on the
incremental exchange of path vectors
BGP session established
over
TCP connection between
peers
Each peer sends all its
active routes
As long as the BGP session
remains up
Incrementally update BGP routing
tables
AS3
R1
R2
AS4
BGP
session
BGP Msgs

37. BGP basics (2)
• 2 types of BGP messages
• UPDATE (path vector)
• advertises a route towards one prefix
• Destination address/prefix
• Interdomain path (AS-Path)
• Nexthop
• WITHDRAW
• a previously announced route is not
reachable anymore
• Unreachable destination address/prefix

38. BGP router
BGP Loc-RIB
Peer[N]
All
BGP Msgs
from Peer[N] BGP Msgs
Peer[1]
Import filter
Attribute
manipulation
Peer[N]
Peer[1]
Export filter
Attribute
manipulation
acceptable
routes
BGP Decision
Process
BGP Routing Information Base
Contains all the acceptable routes
learned from all Peers + internal routes
l BGP decision process selects
the best route towards each destination
BGP Msgs
from Peer[1]
to Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
to Peer[1]
Import filter(Peer[i])
Determines which BGM Msgs
are acceptable from Peer[i] Export filter(Peer[i])
Determines which
routes can be sent to Peer[i]
One best
route to each
destination
BGP Adj-RIB-In
BGP Adj-RIB-Out

39. Example
AS20
R2
AS30
AS10
UPDATE
lprefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
lNextHop:R1
lASPath: AS10
UPDATE
lprefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
lNextHop:R2
lASPath: AS20:AS10
R1 R3
2001:db8:12/48
BGP
R4
AS40
BGP
BGP
UPDATE
lprefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
lNextHop:R1
lASPath: AS10
UPDATE
lprefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
lNextHop:R4
lASPath: AS40:AS10
l What happens if link AS10-AS20 goes down ?

40. How to prefer some
routes over others ?
RA RB
R1
Backup: 2Mbps
Primary: 34Mbps
AS1
AS2

41. BGP router
BGP RIB
Peer[N]
Peer[1]
Import filter
Attribute
manipulation
Peer[N]
Peer[1]
Export filter
Attribute
manipulation
BGP Msgs
from Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
from Peer[1]
BGP Msgs
to Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
All
acceptable
routes
BGP Decision
Process
One best to Peer[1]
route to each
destination
Import filter
l Selection of acceptable routes
l Addition of local-pref attribute
inside received BGP Msg
lNormal quality route : local-pref=100
lBetter than normal route :local-pref=200
lWorse than normal route :local-pref=50
Simplified BGP Decision Process
l Select routes with highest
local-pref
l If there are several routes,
choose routes with the
shortest ASPath
l If there are still several routes
tie-breaking rule

42. How to prefer some
routes over others
• Limitations
RA
R1 R2
R3
RB
Cheap
Expensive
AS1
AS2
AS3
AS4
R5 AS5

43. How to prefer routes ?
RA RB
R1
Backup: 2Mbps
Primary: 34Mbps
AS1
AS2
RPSL-like policy for AS1
aut-num: AS1
import: from AS2 RA at R1 set localpref=100;
from AS2 RB at R1 set localpref=200;
accept ANY
export: to AS2 RA at R1 announce AS1
to AS2 RB at R1 announce AS1
RPSL-like policy for AS2
aut-num: AS2
import: from AS1 R1 at RA set localpref=100;
from AS1 R1 at RB set localpref=200;
accept AS1
export: to AS1 R1 at RA announce ANY
to AS2 R1 at RB announce ANY

44. How to prefer routes ?
RA
R1 R2
R3
RB
Cheap
Expensive
AS1
AS2
AS3
AS4
R5 AS5
RPSL policy for AS1
aut-num: AS1
import: from AS2 RA at R1 set localpref=100;
from AS4 R2 at R1 set localpref=200;
accept ANY
export: to AS2 RA at R1 announce AS1
to AS4 R2 at R1 announce AS1
u AS1 will prefer to send over cheap link
u But the flow of the packets destined to
AS1 will depend on the routing policy of
the other domains

45. local-pref and
economical
l In practicer, elolcaalti-oprnefsish oiftpens combined
with filters to enforce economical
relationships
Prov1 Prov2
$ $
AS1
Peer1
Peer2
Peer3
Peer4
Cust1 Cust2
$ Customer-provider
$
Shared-cost
$
Local-pref values used by AS1
> 1000 for the routes received from a Customer
500 – 999 for the routes learned from a Peer
< 500 for the routes learned from a Provider

46. local-pref
• Which route will be used by AS1 to reach AS5 ?
AS1
$
$
AS4
AS2
AS3
Shared-cost
$
$
AS5 $ Customer-provider
$
• and how will AS5 reach AS1 ?
$
AS8
AS6
AS7
$
$
Internet paths are often asymmetrical

47. Internet 1990s
• NSFNet
• American backbone
• no commercial traffic
• Some regional
networks
• US regions, national
networks in Europe
• Universities/research
labs
• connected to regional
networks or NSFNet

48. Internet early 2000s
• Tier-1 ISPs
• Dozen transit ISPs
shared-cost
• Tier-2 ISPs
• Regional/ National
ISPs
• Tier-3 ISPs
• Smaller ISPs,
Entreprises,
• shared-cost with
other T3 ISPs

49. Today’s Internet
• Hyper Giants
• google, microsoft,
yahoo, amazon, ...
• google peers 70%
ISPs
• Tier-1 ISPs
• Tier-2 ISPs
• Tier-3 ISPs
Craig Labovitz), Scott Iekel-Johnson, Danny McPher•son, JMon Oabenrhyeid ep, Faerneamr Jianhagniasn, at IXPs
Internet Inter-Domain Traffic, SIGCOMM 2010