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Esol methods 2
1. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Teaching by Principles
These principles form the building blocks for
your own theoretical rationale (i.e., The basis
of your teaching approaches)
Your choices for teaching approaches,
methods, or strategies should be grounded in
established principles of language learning
and teaching.
2. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 1: Automaticity
Gaining control of language forms and efficient and rapid movement
away from a focus on the forms language to a focus on the
language use
Childlike, subconscious processing of language forms
Resistance to the temptation to analyze language forms.
Teachers can try not to overwhelm their students with grammar and
analysis of every language form excessively.
Automaticity is gained through practice focusing on fluency.
3. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 2: Meaningful Learning
Making meaningful associations between the
existing knowledge/experience and new
materials
Avoid rote learning of materials in isolated
pieces.
Always try to connect students’ existing and
background knowledge with the new features
introduced to them.
4. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 3: The Anticipation of
Reward
Optimal degree of positive feedback (“Very good!” “Nice job!”
“Excellent!”)
Establishing rapport with your students
Encourage your students to reward each other.
Providing constructive feedback, not negative reproach
Issuing certain “privileges” for good work
Try to show your students the “long-term” rewards of learning
English and becoming fluent in the language.
5. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 4: Intrinsic Motivation
The learning effectiveness is maximized
when the learners are self motivated.
Try to make your learning activities so that
learners can find themselves enjoy doing the
activities and get interested in what they are
doing.
6. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 5: Strategic Investment
Successful mastery of the second language is
gained through a learner’s own personal
“investment” of time, effort, and attention to the
second language
Help your learners to develop and use strategies for
learning and communication.
Help your students to take responsibility in their own
learning.
Help your learners to try a number of strategies to
learn and to become fluent in the second language.
7. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 6: Autonomy
Successful mastery of a second language depends largely on
learners’ autonomous ability both to take initiative in the
classroom and to continue to succeed beyond the classroom and
the teacher.
Help your learners to “do” the language on their own through
group and pair work.
Do not try to “stifle” learners’ creativity by becoming a dominant
figure in the classroom. Remember that the teacher is a
“facilitator and coach.”
Encourage your learners to use the second language in a
meaningful way outside the classroom so that they can extend
their learning beyond the classroom situation.
8. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 7: Language Ego
Your teaching techniques and strategies need to be cognitively
challenging but should not be overwhelming at an affective level.
Be considerate of learners’ language ego and affective factors in
planning the following:
- who to call on first (make sure you rotate the order of calling on
or asking for volunteers)
- when and how to correct students’ errors
- who to place and in which small groups or pairs
- how “tough” you can be.
- Help your students build a positive “second self,” and let them
know that developing a second self is a normal and natural
process.
9. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 8: Willingness to
Communicate
Help your learners to be willing to communicate.
The learners’ willingness to communicate results in the
generation of both output and input.
Provide ample verbal and nonverbal assurances to students,
affirming your belief in the student’s ability.
Sequence learning tasks from easier to more difficult.
Create a positive classroom atmosphere.
Provide reasonable challenges in your techniques.
10. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 9: The Language-Culture
Connection
Language and culture are closely intertwined and
they cannot be separated from each other.
Discuss cross-cultural differences with your students
and make sure that your students understand no
culture is “better” than another.
Cross-cultural understanding is a very important
facet of learning a language.
In your learning activities, make sure that you
include the activities in which they illustrate the
connection between language and culture.
Try not to include materials that may be culturally
offensive.
11. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 10: The Native Language
Effect
The native language has a strong influence on the acquisition of
the target language system.
Regard your learners’ errors as important windows to their
underlying linguistic system and provide appropriate feedback on
them.
Help your students to understand that there are also a lot of
“positive” influence from their native language and not everything
about their native language system will cause error.
12. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 11: Interlanguage
Interlanguage refers to learners’ developing second
language system.
Teachers need to exercise some tolerance for
certain interlanguage forms that may arise out of a
student’s logical developmental process.
Don’t make your students feel stupid because of the
interlanguage errors that have a logical source.
Encourage your students to self-correct their errors.
Provide a lot of affective feedback and encourage
them to speak!
13. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Principle 12: Communicative
Competence
Learners as active participants
Communication seen as a series of process of negotiation of
meaning.
Listening and reading are no longer “passive” or “receptive”
language skills.
What does “communicative competence” consist of?
-> Grammatical competence
(sentential level accuracy: usage)
-> Discourse competence
(interconnected sentences: coherence and cohesion)
-> Sociocultural comptence
(understanding social contexts)
-> Strategic competence
(Coping strategies in unfamiliar contexts)
14. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Communicative Approach
Language as a system for communication
The goal of language teaching is learner ability to communicate.
The content of a course includes semantic notions and social
functions.
Group and pair work emphasized (primarily for practice of
communication).
Role play or dramatization in various social contexts.
Authentic materials are often used.
Skills are integrated from the beginning stage.
Teacher as a facilitator of communication.
The teacher should be able to use the target language fluently
and appropriately.
15. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Task-based Approach
Using the target language to learn, process, or accomplish a task.
Language instruction does not begin with “functions” or any other
“language items.”
Teaching through communication rather than for it.
Providing learners with a natural context for language use.
Abundant interaction between student-teacher and student-student, for
negotiation of meaning (sort of like problem solving).
Error correction is minimal, and given only when it is critical to a task
accomplishment.
Teacher as a counselor or facilitator.
Presented language items may be beyond learners’ present ability.
Authentic materials are used.
Real-world tasks can be practiced by a sequence of pedagogic tasks.
16. 10/14/15 E. Catherine Kim
ESOL460/560 Pacific U.
Content-based Approach
Use a second/foreign language to learn about the
content (geography, science, social studies,
literature, etc.)
Integrating language learning with content learning
(often academic subject matter).
Academic subjects provide natural content for
language instruction (‘language across curriculum’)
There must be clear language objectives as well as
content learning objectives.
Language items arise from communicative needs,
not predetermined syllabi.