1. Chapter 11
Heather, Kevin, Mia, Amber, Shane, and

2.  It is natural and necessary to gain weight during
pregnancy. The mother’s uterus, breasts, placenta, blood
volume, body fluids, and fat must all increase to
accommodate the infant’s developing needs
 Average weight gain is 25-35 lbs. for normal woman
 A pregnant teen who is still developing will gain more
weight than a mature woman, whereas an obese women is
likely to gain less but no less than 15 lbs.

3.  Protein requirement is increase by 20-25%
(iron, zinc, copper, and B vitamins)
 No need for increased Vitamin A, excessive intake can cause
birth defects
 All water soluble vitamins (D, E, K, and C) should be
increased
 Minerals such as calcium iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium are
are essential for functions such as development of the infants
bones and teeth as well as blood clotting and muscle action
 Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing
these nutrients
 Vitamin/ iron supplements may be prescribed by an
obstetrician, nurse, midwife, or physicians assistant (PA)

4.  Nausea- occurs during the first trimester, also known as
“morning sickness”, but not necessarily felt just in the
mornings
 Hyperemesis Gravidarum- rare condition that nausea becomes
so sever it is life threatening
 Constipation- can be relieved by eating high-fiber foods, daily
exercise, and/or drinking 8 glasses of water each day
 Heartburn- common, seeing as the growing fetus pushes on
the mother’s stomach, which may cause stomach acid to
move into lower esophagus
 Weight Gain

5.  Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)- also known as toxemia
or preeclampsia. A condition that occurs in the third trimester
and is characterized by high blood pressure, the precise of
albumin in urine, and edema. The causes are unknown but
occur more frequently to pregnant women with inadequate
diets
 Pica- craving of nonfood substances such as starch, clay (soil),
or ice. Although both men and women are infected with pica,
its more common with pregnant woman. Some believe it
relieves nausea but this should be discourages because it can
cause colon blockage and create nutritional deficiencies
 Anemia-condition caused by insufficient red blood cells,
hemoglobin, or blood volume. Patient doesn’t receive enough
oxygen from blood, feeling weak/tired, poor appetite, and
appears pale.

6.  Alcohol, Caffeine, Drugs, and Tobacco
 Alcohol Consumption can lead to FAS (Fetal alcohol
syndrome), which can cause infants to be premature,
have a low birth weight, physical characteristics, as well
as other central nervous system dysfunction
 Caffeine is known to cross placenta and enter fetal blood
stream
 Drugs vary in their effects but can cause fetal
malformations and spontaneous absorptions, possibly even
HIV
 Tobacco smoking is associated with babies of reduced
birth weight because smoking reduces the
oxygen/nutrients carried by the blood.

7.  Diet should remain about the same as normal pregnant
women
 Should maintain their blood glucose at a steady level
between meals
 Either type of diabetes increase the risk of physical or
mental diabetes

8.  This as become an increasing concern
 Nutritional, physical, psycholigol, social, and economic demands
are tremendous leaving young mothers responsible for helpless
newborns
 Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to PIH (Pregnancy
Induced Hypertension) and premature delivery
 Inadequate nutrition of a mother is related to both mental and
physical birth defects
 Pregnant teen need much counseling and emotional support
before nutritional improvements can be suggested

9.  It is the production and secretion of breast milk for the
purpose of nourishing an infant, that is facilitated by an
interlay do various hormones after delivery of an infant
 Will take 2-3 weeks to establish a feeding routine
 Supply-and-demand mechanism, mother will produce when
infant wants
 Approximately 85 kcal is required to produce 100 Ml of milk
(3 1/3 oz.)
 Extra nutrients are required such as fruits, vegetables, and
vitamins and an extra 640 kcal a day

10.  Breast milk contains the right amount of lactose, water, fatty
acids, and amino acids for brain development, growth, and
digestion
 Breast fed babies have incidences of ear infections, diarrhea,
allergies, ad hospital admissions
 Receive antibodies to diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis,
influenza, German measles, botulism, and staphylococcal
infections
 Sucking at the breast promotes good jaw development/ exercise
 Nursing may have psychological benefits for the infant by
creating an early emotional attachment between mother and
child