this presentation pages was arranged by my group in december12, the material taken from Peter Godfrey -Smith's E-book. an introduction to philosophy of science, THEORY AND REALITY

1. SOCIOLOGY
SCIence
5
#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.
Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M
#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.
Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M

2. THE RISE OF THE STRONG PROGRAM

3. Acc to Cambridge Dictionary :
Sociology  the study of the relationships between people living in
Enterprise  an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and
SOCIOLOGY Social Enterprise
important plan, especially one that will earn money
groups, especially in industrial societies
But we have to understand the fact that Sociology is the general
study of human structure

4. developed in the middle of
20th century
Robert King Merton
The founder of the field and the central figure
for many years
SOCIOLOGY F SCIence

5. 4 Norms or Basic Values that
Govern Scientific Communities
Merton’s Account of Science
Reward System of Science

6. universalism
personal attributes and social background irrelevant
to value of person’s ideas
communalism
common ownership of scientific ideas and results
organized skepticism
challenge and test ideas instead of taking them on
trust or authority
disinterestedness
scientists act for the greater benefit of the scientific
enterprise, not for their personal gain

7. Merton’s Reward System
Recognition
the basic currency for scientific
reward, especially recognition for
being The First Person to come up
with an idea
Published
a scientists rewarded by having the
idea named after him
Ex : Boyle’s Law and etc
evidence for this is
found in fervor with
which priority
disputes are fought
collateral damage:
deviant behavior
(fraud, plagiarism,
libel, slander)
Christian

10. “Too much willingness to receive basic
beliefs makes for chaos in science”
-Kuhn-

11. SOCIOLOGY SCIence
Changed, expanded, and become
more ambitious in the 1970s
OLD NEW
Before
Strong
Program
description of
social structure
of science as
whole
explain
particular
scientific belief
in sociological
terms
sociology has
ambition to
replace phil of
science

12. Strong Program in the
Sociology
of Scientific Knowledge
Symmetry
Principle
“ all forms of beliefs and
behaviour must be
given the same kind of
explanations”
all communities
(not just scientific ones)
have socially
established local norms for
regulating beliefs
Scientists are people who work in an
unusual kind of local community
which is characterized by high
prestige, lengthy training and
initiation, notoriously bad fashion
choices

13. LEVIATHAN
AND
THE
AIR
PUMP
Seen as a very important
case for our understanding
of science
very important for its
historical role in establishing
the social structure that
science has
illustrating the social
structure clearly
Seen as sophisticated
development of the strong
program (new sociology of
science) the rise of
experimental science in 17th
century England

14. Robert Boyle
S&S argue that Boyle’s treatment
of terms like “vacuum”
established new “language
game”, i.e. pattern of linguistic
habits that contribute to a “form
of life”
Boyle and friends engage in the
manufacture of facts, i.e.
ideas are made rather than found

15. based on a guess and not
on informationan idea or explanation for
something that is based on
known facts but has not yet
been proved
Boyle wanted to show that scientific argument
was compatible with social order

16. “It is ourselves and not reality that is
responsible for what
we know.”
-(p. 344)-

17. LABORATORY
LIFE
LAB
Chemicals, sm
all
animals, paper,
etc.
Scientific
papers, tech
nical report
objects of scientific study are
constructed within lab and
thus cannot be attributed
with an independent
existence
scientific activity as system of
beliefs, oral traditions and
local practices, i.e. not as
procedure, method, or principles
but as a culture
both S&S and Latour close to social
constructivism

18. T H A N K S F O R T H E
A T T E N T I O N