This document discusses the simulation of pharmacokinetics using Stella software. It presents an experiment simulating different drug dosages administered to a patient weighing 150 pounds. The simulation shows that a dosage of 1000mg kept the drug concentration in the therapeutic range, while 2000mg caused toxic levels. Simulations are useful tools for teaching and learning as they provide interactive experiences and promote constructivist learning. However, they also have limitations like oversimplifying complex systems.

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Modelling and
Simulation
of Stella Software
(Pharmacokinetics)
Prepared by :
Shahira Binti Ahmad ( D20131063850 )
Nur Asmidar Binti Musa ( D20131063853 )

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Introduction
• The Modelling and Simulation is related
computer application which play role in
helping the people to understand and be
trained for something easily.
• Models may include a graphical display that
you can see on a computer screen or by means
of some other visual device
• Simulation generally refers to a computerized
version of the model which is run over the
time to study the implications of the defined
interactions.

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Example
• The training simulators would
include the flight simulators for
training aircraft pilots and this will
provide them with a lifelike
experience.

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Experiments :
Pharmacokinetics• This experiment to investigate the effect of
amount of drugs in the bloodstream.
• The objective of this simulation is to keep
the concentration of the drugs in the
therapeutic value.

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Initial body weight : 150 Pounds
Dosage of drugs : 0 mg

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• The graph showed the blood concentration increase
slightly, where it almost reach therapeutic
concentration when 1000mg dosage of drugs
injected to the patient who has 150 pounds body
weight.
• 1000mg of drugs seems to be an ideal dosage to be
injected to that patient.

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• The graph showed the blood concentration increase and exceeded the therapeutic
concentration when 2000mg dosage of drugs injected to people who have 150 pounds
body weight.
• This may lead to toxic concentration.
• When the drugs get into the bloodstream, they are carried to all parts of the body. Some
of the drugs will also reach to the brain. Once in the brain, drugs affect chemicals called
neurotransmitters. These are the chemicals that control the flow of information within
the brain between the neurons or brain cells, forming a synapse. Neurotransmitters also
alter people's moods and feelings. Different drugs can affect different neurotransmitters.
• Besides, once drugs are taken and enter the bloodstream the heart pumps blood
containing the drug to the brain where it will affect how people feel

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ADVANTAGES OF USING
SIMULATIONS

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LIMITATIONS OF USING SIMULATIONS

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CONCLUSION
Simulation
•Simulation is a powerful tool in assisting the teaching and
learning process in school.
•They provide interesting and exciting mode of learning to the
new generation students. Not only to attract the students’
interest, simulation also promoted constructivism learning to
students.
Conclusion
•We should avoid to take excessive dose of drugs as we might
reach a toxic concentration level that can lead to several
symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,
dizziness, confusion, breathing difficulties or not breathing,
internal bleeding and hallucination .