2. FULKERSON’S CRITERIA
Sufficiency Is there enough evidence?
Typicality Is the evidence representative?
Accuracy Is the evidence correct and recent?
Relevance Does the evidence connect
with the claim?
3. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Ritalin is a safe and effective drug. My little brother
was terrror before he took the drug and now he’s a
scholar and a debate club president.
4. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
The intersection of Fifth and Cloverdale is
dangerous. Last Friday, I watched the intersection
for 45 minutes. During that time, not once did cars
stop properly for pedestrians trying to cross.
5. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Students should not be required to take match
classes.In a recent survery I conducted in all of the
Shorewood Math classes, only 8% of students believed
that math coursework would help them in their later
careers.
6. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
High carb/low fat diets are not the best way to lose
weight. Walter Willett of the Harvard school of Public
Health conducted research that suggests that complex
carbs such as pasta and potatoes spike glucose levels,
increasing the risk of diabetes.
7. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Despite the claims of environmental skeptics, acid rain
is still a significant problem. David Bellamy, president of
the Conservation Foundation, remarks, “Acid rain kills
forests and people around the world, especially in
highly poluted places such as Russia.”
8. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Americans are delaying marriage at a surprising rate. In
1970, 85 percent of Americans between the ages of 15
and 29 were married. In 2000, however, only 54 percent
were married (US Census Bureau).
9. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Imagine what would happen if we continue to use
biotech soybeans that are resistant to herbicides. The
resistant gene might be transferred to an ordinary
weed, creating an out-of-control superweed we
couldn’t kill--an ecological disaster.
10. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Embryonic stem cell research may have negative social
consequences. This research encourages us to think of
embryos as mere cellular matter. Currently, we think of
animals that we engineer to create, say, heart valves in a similar
way. Using human embryos as material to be destroyed could
possibly lead to a devaluing of human life.
11. TYPES OF EVIDENCE
•Data from Personal Experience
•Data from Observation of Field Experience
•Data from Interviews, Questionnaires, Surveys
•Data from Library or Internet Research
•Testimony
•Statistical Data
•Hypothetical Examples, Cases, and Scenarios
•Reasoned Sequence of Ideas
Your turn: For each category brainstorm strengths
and limitations of this type of evidence.
