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The 30th National Conference for
Paraeducators & Related Service Providers
Presented by:
Tracy Knickerbocker, Ed.D.
The E2 Group, Inc.
7714 Silent Forest Drive
Houston. TX 77479 • 800.282.5491
tknick@theE2group.com
www.theE2group.com
2. Workshop Objectives!
! Todescribe the rational behind using
fluency building;!
! Tolist the five implementation steps for
constructing fluency sheets; and!
! Toapply fluency building to one content
area in your classroom.!
Rationale and Definition
! !Fluency (True Mastery: accuracy AND speed)!
! ! !Practice makes the difference!!
! !100 % accuracy (traditional “mastery”)!
! !Beginnerʼs level (inaccurate and slow)!
! !Incompetence (no measurable performance)!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 1
3. Why is Fluency Important?!
! Retention & Maintenance!
-the ability to perform a skill or recall knowledge long
after formal programs have ended.!
! Endurance!
-the ability to maintain performance levels and attention
to task for extended periods.!
! Application!
-the ability to combine and apply what is learned to
perform more complex skills and to generalize the
information to new situations.!
A Successful Learner!
When students lack!
fluency in foundation!
skills, performance!
requiring application !
of those skills is likely!
to be painfully slow,!
difficult, and full of!
errors.!
Foundational Concepts!
! Fluency building can be used with any
teaching method and material.!
! It is based on continuous
measurement of a childʼs progress.!
! It may be used for feedback,
assessment, motivation, and
instructional decision making.!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 2
4. Foundational Concepts !
! Fluency building assists students in
retaining and organizing information.!
! Keeps students actively involved.!
! Helps students perform better on tests.!
! Students can develop their own practice
sheets for other classes.!
! Students like using them.!
Five Implementation Steps
Implementation Steps!
! Step 1: Pinpoint!
! Step 2: Practice!
! Step 3: Chart!
! Step 4: Decide!
! Step 5: Manage!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 3
5. Step 1: Pinpoint!
! Describe behavior.!
-What is it that you want the students to learn?!
! Determine placement.!
-Students must be placed within the curriculum in accord
with instructional objectives.!
! Set aim.!
-What should the students shoot for?!
Characteristics of a
Pinpoint!
! Precise.!
!-Specific target behavior.!
!-Describes specific action & outcome: learning channel!
!-Is consistent.!
! Countable.!
!-Has an observable beginning & end.!
!-Is repeatable within the length of the timing.!
! Fair Pair.!
!-Collect both correct and incorrect responses.!
! Relevant part of Curriculum.!
Step 2: Practice!
! Timeframe.!
-Determine an appropriate time for the skill (e.g. minute,
minutes, etc.).!
! Select practice method.!
-How do you want students to practice (practice sheets,
SAFMEDS, paired practice, etc.)!
! Conduct daily timings.!
-Conduct timings on pinpoint skill to monitor progress
and give practice.!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 4
6. Creating Practice Sheets!
1. Select content material (subject, unit);!
2. Determine the objective (what do you want to
measure?);!
3. Choose key items or vocabulary;!
4. Select 5-8 items for repeated practice;!
5. Prepare student practice
sheets.!
Practice Sheet Tips!
! Label the sheet. Include the objective.!
! Include only 5-8 different items. Repeat two or three
times in random order.!
! Determine the length of your timing.!
! Donʼt overcrowd - leave space to write answers.!
! Provide more items than the students can complete
during the timing period.!
! Develop an answer key.!
! Provide prompts if necessary.!
! Check the readability level.!
Partner Practice!
! Pair students with a partner for oral timed drill.!
! One student reads one from one column and the other
student supplies the missing element.!
! Remind partners to provide immediate feedback to the other
student (when correct, praise; if incorrect or hesitant, provide
the answer immediately).!
! After two minutes, partners switch roles. The practice
session is started again for two minutes to allow the other
student timed practice.!
! If the page is finished before the two minutes are up, then
the student should start over from the top.!
! Conduct timed practices on previous practice sheets for
review.!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 5
7. Other Uses of
Practice Sheets!
! Homework!
! Pre & Post Tests!
! Group Games!
! Independent
Practice at
Centers!
Step 3: Chart!
! Count responses.!
-Count both corrects and incorrects.!
! Record.!
-Record responses per minute.!
! Display.!
-Display responses on academic chart for student.!
Purpose of Charting!
" To obtain an accurate measure of the
rate of movement you have
pinpointed;!
" To display the rate obtained
graphically so that both the general
trends and smallest change in rates
will be easily observed.!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 6
8. Step 4: Decide!
! Determine when to move on or scale back.!
! Decision tools:!
1. At aim for two out of three days.!
2. Three day days of flat data.!
3. Less than x1.25 growth per week.!
4. Corrects decelerating.!
5. Celeration turn down.!
Acquisition Level!
! Low frequency: ! More direct teaching
correct < 20 minutes! and/or instruction!
! Modeling & feedback!
! Error, no pattern
! Emphasize tool skills
(slice back)!
! More bounce or ! Assess learning
variability in data! channels!
! Still learning the ! More immediate
basic concepts!! reinforcement on items.!
Fluency Building Level!
! Middle frequency: ! Instruct to errors!
correct > 20/minute! ! Practice has effect!
! Middle frequency: ! Keep learning
errors <5/minute! channel and format
! Less bounce! consistent!
! Refining the ! Less instruction is
concepts! necessary!
! Feedback to total
task!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 7
9. Proficiency Level!
! High frequencies - at ! Add on!
or near aim! ! Change learning
! Few, if any, errors! channels!
! Little bounce! ! Change format!
! Smooth, easy, ! Feedback through
rhythmic responding! natural
consequences!
Step 5: Manage!
! Preparation.!
! Teach students to chart.!
! Classroom management.!
Weekly Preparation!
! Week 1: Preparation!
-Get materials ready!
-Organizational decisions made!
! Week 2: Teaching the Process!
-Discuss terms and purpose!
-Model & practice management!
! Week 3: Charting!
-Decide who will chart!
-Teach charting to students & practice!
! Week 4: Decision Making!
-Decide how often charts are analyzed!
-Decide how & when to provide feedback!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 8
10. Management Tips!
! Organize directions & materials well.!
! Assign all possible tasks to students.!
! Establish a routine.!
! Establish partners.!
! Designate a place for all materials.!
! Practice, practice, practice.!
! Establish a time to check charts.!
! Have a backup for uncooperative students.!
! Use positive reinforcement.!
! Have students use pencils to chart.!
! Select initial pinpoints that will be likely to ensure success.!
In Summary . . .!
! Using fluency allows us to help children learn
faster than ever before;!
! By including the time dimension in our
measurement methods we can systematically
make changes in teaching with fluency as our
goal;!
! We can help students achieve levels of truly
masterful performance, in the same way that
excellent coaches develop athletes.!
© 2011, The E2 Group, Inc. 9