2. Mehwish
Noreen

3. “cervical cancer is the cancer of
cervix”
INTRODUCTION

4. (from the Latin cervix uteri, meaning "neck of the womb")
the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the
top end of the vagina.
Ectocervix
External Os
Endocervical
Canal
Internal Os
ANATOMY OF CERVIX:

5. Histology:
 The ectocervix (more
distal, by the vagina) is
composed of
nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
 The endocervix (more
proximal, within the
uterus) is composed of
simple columnar
epithelium
 The area adjacent to the
border of the endocervix
and ectocervix is known
as the transformation
zone
Cervical mucus
Cervical position
Function

6. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer
that occurs in the cells of the cervix
. Various strains of the human
papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually
transmitted infection
Or
Cervical cancer is a malignant
tumors deriving from cells of the
cervix & Cervical cancer is a disease
that develops quite slowly, means
it develops in stages.
WHAT IS THE CERVICAL
CANCER??

7. There are two main types of cervical cancer
 Squamous cell cancer “SSC”(80-85%)
 Adenocarcinoma “ACC”(15-20%)
There are also other, less common types of cancer of the cervix,
known as adenosquamous carcinomas, clear-cell carcinomas and
small-cell carcinomas.
Types Of Cervical
Cancer:

8. STAGES OF CERVICAL
CANCER:
Carcinoma in Situ
(Stage 0)
abnormal cells are found in the
innermost lining of the cervix. These
abnormal cells may become cancer
and spread into nearby normal
tissue.

9. Stage I
 Stage IA1 and IA2 cervical cancer  Stage IB1 and IB2 cervical cancer

10. Stage II

11. Stage III
Stage IIIA: Stage IIIB:

12. Stage IV
Stage IVA: Stage IVB:

13. WHAT IS HPV?
Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18
How is HPV related to cervical cancer?
Duration of HPV infections in
young women
Can men get HPV?
Origin of HPV is still unknown
Is HPV preventable?
ROLE OF HPV:
(Human Papilloma Virus)

14.  Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex
(vaginal intercourse), bleeding after menopause,
 bleeding and spotting between periods, and having
longer or heavier (menstrual) periods than usual. Bleeding
after douching, or after a pelvic exam is a common symptom
of cervical cancer but not pre-cancer.
 Vaginal discharge that does not stop, and may be pale,
watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul-smelling
 An unusual discharge from the vagina − the discharge
may contain some blood and may occur between your
periods or after menopause.
 Pain during sex (vaginal intercourse).
Symptoms:

15. Cervical cancer may spread to the
bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver.
Often there are no problems until
the cancer is
advanced and has spread.
 Back pain
 Bone pain or fractures
 Fatigue
 Leaking of urine or feces from
the vagina
 Leg pain
 Loss of appetite
 Pelvic pain
 Single swollen leg
 Weight loss
Symptoms Of Advanced
Cervical Cancer

16. These factors may increase your
risk of cervical cancer:
 Many sexual partners.
Early sexual activity.
A weak immune system.
Cigarette smoking.
Family History
Use of Oral Contraceptives
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Risk factors:

17. Dr Ghazala Mehmood, a gynecologist at Pakistan Institute of
Medical Sciences; addressing at a seminar titled "Cervical
Cancer is Preventable" organized by Health Awareness. She
said,
“ In every 2 minutes, one woman loses her life due to cervical cancer
worldwide as 500,000 cases and over 270,000 deaths have been reported
annually. cervical cancer is the second most prevalent and the third leading
cause of cancer deaths among women, adding that Pakistan was rated 3rd
with 11688 cases registered in 2008 where as Bangladesh stood 1st and India
2nd worldwide.”
Professor of Pediatrics at Child Hospital PIMS, Dr Tabish Hazir
while addressing the seminar. He said,
“Pakistan has moved from low risk to moderate-risk country for cervical
cancer with gradually increasing cases with 19.5 per 100,000 in 2008 as
compared to 9 per 100,000 in previous years.”
Ratio Of Cervical
Cancer:

18. Cervical cancer screening
It is a way to detect abnormal cervical cells, including
precancerous cervical lesions, as well as early cervical cancers.
Pap test or Pap smear;
Can detect epithelial cell abnormalities
 Atypical squamous cells
 Squamous intraepithelial lesions
 Squamous cell carcinoma
(likely to be invasive)
Limitations of the Pap test
No screening test is 100% accurate, however the Pap test has been shown to be
an effective tool for preventing cervical cancer.
Diagnosis:

19. Additional diagnostic
testingColposcopy
Cervical Biopsies
Cone biopsy
Endocervical
curettage

20. Surgery of Preinvasive cervical
cancer
• Cryosurgery
• Laser surgery
• Cervical conization
Treatments

21.  Invasive cervical cancer
surgery
*Simple hysterectomy
*Radiation

22. Radical hysterectomy
Chemotherapy

23. Get a regular Pap smear
Limit the amount of sexual partners
Quit smoking or avoid secondhand smoke
If you have married life, use condoms
Get the HPV vaccine
Avoid long term OCP
Use physical barrier for safe sex
Preventions: