1. Medical
A lot of science-based training can benefit from 3D. For example in the medical field, CGI
animations are often created to show internal organs and processes within the body. These
same animations would be even more effective in 3D. And for CGI in particular, the
upgrading to full 3D is fairly easy as the artist can define a 2nd virtual camera in the CGI
scene and output the 2 views to make it 3D.
http://www.iclick.co.uk/how-is-3d-printing-used-in-medical-research/
Educational
They almost cover all subjects like English, Math’s, Science, Social Science & also Math guru
concept which is the replacement of Math’s Lab. Science experiments are shown through this 3D
animation. The 3d animation company used thousands of highly animated lesson specific, 3d & 2d
multimedia modules that allow the teachers to effectively explain the lessons in the classrooms.
3D animation company also provide a large repository of 3D animated modules and videos
mapped to school curriculum through its exclusive partnership with established education
company, Designate and Discovery.
http://adcnj3d.wordpress.com/3d-for-education/
Gaming
3D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by
various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of
data (points and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically
(procedural modeling), or scanned.
3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics. Actually, their use predates the
widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many computer games used pre-
rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling
Web
3D graphics can give web page designs a range of 3D illusions, which are powerful devices
for managing attention. Using 3D graphics in web design can also add significantly to overall
page file size, and can reduce usability if overused, so should be used deliberately and with
care
In the real world, things that are push able tend to be three-dimensional, such as buttons on a
radio.

2. The designers of early graphical user interfaces for computers used this to create a really
concise GUI shortcut to say “clickable”.
The button effect is one of the strongest design conventions in interactive design.
http://www.webdesignfromscratch.com/web-design/3d-effects/
Engineering
Engineering industries, especially mechanical engineering based companies, use CAD in a
variety of ways. Right from creating engineering drawings to 3D modeling, CAD is used in
most of the manufacturing process. 3D modeling and pro-engineering packages allow
engineering companies to design products or components for machinery, taking care of even
the minutest of details. The entire process saves time and money and ensures precision and
accuracy. With increasing sophistication in many industries, the design concepts done using
CAD are directly fed into the manufacturing process using Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) systems. Electrical and electronic engineering industries use CAD for things like
PCB designs and wiring layout designs. CAD is also used to design the overall layout of a
manufacturing unit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design
Architecture
In the past, architecture was a three-dimensional discipline that relied on drawings and models to
convey information. The development of the computer and architectural software, such as
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM), has completely changed the
profession. Today, architects develop buildings and models almost exclusively on the computer,
whereas the traditional forms of architectural documentation, such as handmade models and hand-
drafted drawings, have been put aside.
http://www.ehow.com/info_8488755_use-3d-graphics-architecture.html
Product Design
3D product design enables conceptual designers, engineering, manufacturing, sales and marketing
departments to explore a complete product in great detail before a final product is ever built.
Your Digital prototype allows you too quickly:
Design
Iterate
Optimize

3. Validate
Visualize
http://www.product-design-solutions.com/3d-product-design.html
TV
3D-ready TV sets are those that can operate in 3D mode (in addition to regular 2D mode) using
one of several display technologies to recreate a stereoscopic image. These TV sets usually
support HDMI 1.4 and a minimum output refresh rate of 120 Hz; glasses may be sold
separately.
Philips was developing 3D television sets that would be available for the consumer market by about
2011 without the need for special glasses In August 2010; Toshiba announced plans to bring a range
of autosteroscopic TVs to market by the end of the year.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television
Film
is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception. Derived from stereoscopic
photography, a regular motion picture camera system is used to record the images as seen from two
perspectives (or computer-generated imagery generates the two perspectives in post-production),
and special projection hardware and/or eyewear are used to provide the illusion of depth when
viewing the film. 3D films are not limited to feature film theatrical releases; television broadcasts
and direct-to-video films have also incorporated similar methods, especially since 3D television and
Blu-ray 3D.
3D films have existed in some form since 1915, but had been largely relegated to a niche in the
motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and
display a 3D film, and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment
business. Nonetheless, 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema, and
later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters
and Disney themed-venues. 3D films became more and more successful throughout the 2000s,
culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009 and
January 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film

4. Displaying 3D polygon animations:
(application programming interface, e.g. Direct3D, OpenGL; graphics pipeline, e.g.
modeling, lighting, viewing, projection, clipping, scan conversion, texturing and
shading, display; rendering techniques (radiosity, ray tracing); rendering engines;
distributed rendering techniques; lighting; textures; fogging; shadowing; vertex and
pixel shaders; level of detail.)
Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of functions and rules that a
computer use to communicate with each other to do certain jobs, just like how a
player communicates to a game by pressing a certain button to do certain action. A
good example of this is Twitter, API is used to receive updates on Tweets.
Most PCs provide API so that programmers can write applications and that it is good
since this makes it easier for users to learn new programs with a similar interface.
Direct 3D is only available for Windows 95 and up and that it renders 3D graphics especially
in gaming as it uses the Graphics card. It all started in 1992 with Servan Keondjian who
started a company called RenderMorphics and they developed a 3D graphical Application
programming interface (API for short), It was used in medical imaging and CAD (computer
aided design) software. Two versions of this API were released. And in February 1995
Microsoft bought RenderMorphics. When Direct3D was used to render they used a thing
called a Buffer to render 3D geometry but the process was AWKWARD and had complex
stages that you have to do manually and so Open GL was made to make it simpler.
http://lamho.wordpress.com/displaying-3d-polygon-animations/
Geometric theory
Geometric group theory is an area in mathematics devoted to the study of finitely generated groups
via exploring the connections between algebraic properties of such groups and topological and
geometric properties of spaces on which these groups act (that is, when the groups in question are
realized as geometric symmetries or continuous transformations of some spaces).
Another important idea in geometric group theory is to consider finitely generated groups
themselves as geometric objects. This is usually done by studying the Cayley graphs of
groups, which, in addition to the graph structure, are endowed with the structure of a
metric space, given by the so-called word metric.
Geometric group theory, as a distinct area, is relatively new, and has become a clearly
identifiable branch of mathematics in late 1980s and early 1990s. Geometric group theory
closely interacts with low-dimensional topology, hyperbolic geometry, algebraic topology,
computational group theory and geometric analysis. There are also substantial connections
with complexity theory, mathematical logic, the study of Lie Groups and their discrete
subgroups, dynamical systems, probability theory, K-theory, and other areas of
mathematics.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_group_theory
Mesh Construction
A polygon mesh or unstructured grid is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines
the shape of a polyhedral object in 3D computer graphics and solid modeling. The faces
usually consist of triangles, quadrilaterals or other simple convex polygons, since this
simplifies rendering, but may also be composed of more general concave polygons, or
polygons with holes.
The study of polygon meshes is a large sub-field of computer graphics and geometric
modeling. Different representations of polygon meshes are used for different applications and
goals. The variety of operations performed on meshes may include Boolean logic, smoothing,
simplification, and many others. Network representations, "streaming" and "progressive"
meshes, are used to transmit polygon meshes over a network. Volumetric meshes are distinct
from polygon meshes in that they explicitly represent both the surface and volume of a
structure, while polygon meshes only explicitly represent the surface (the volume is implicit).
As polygonal meshes are extensively used in computer graphics, algorithms also exist for
Ray tracing, collision detection, and rigid-body dynamics of polygon meshes
3ds Max (Autodesk), originally called 3D Studio MAX, is a comprehensive and
versatile 3D application used in film, television, video games and architecture for
Windows and Apple Macintosh. It can be extended and customized through its SDK
or scripting using a Maxscript. It can use third party rendering options such as Brazil
R/S, final Render and V-Ray.
AC3D (Inivis) is a 3D modeling application that began in the 90's on the Amiga
platform. Used in a number of industries, Math Works actively recommends it in
many of their aerospace-related articles due to price and compatibility. AC3D does
not feature its own renderer, but can generate output files for both Render Man and
POV-Ray among others.
Aladdin4D (DiscreetFX), first created for the Amiga, was originally developed by
Adspec Programming. After acquisition by DiscreetFX, it is multi-platform for Mac OS
X, Amiga OS 4.1, MorphOS, Linux, AROS and Windows.
Animation: Master from HASH, Inc is a modeling and animation package that focuses
on ease of use. It is a spline-based modeler. Its strength lies in character animation.

6. Bryce (DAZ Productions) is most famous for landscapes and creating 'painterly'
renderings, as well as its unique user interface.
Carrara (DAZ Productions) is a fully featured 3D toolset for modeling, texturing,
scene rendering and animation.
Cheetah3D is a proprietary program for Apple Macintosh computers primarily aimed
at amateur 3D artists with some medium- and high-end features
Cinema 4D (MAXON) is a light (Prime) to full featured (Studio) 3d package dependant
on version used. Although used in film usually for 2.5d work, Cinema's largest user
base is in the television motion graphics and design/visualization arenas. Originally
developed for the Amiga, it is also available for Mac OS X and Windows.
City Engine (Procedural Inc) is a 3D modeling application specialized in the
generation of three dimensional urban environments. With the procedural modeling
approach, City Engine enables the efficient creation of detailed large-scale 3D city
models, it is available for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.
Cobalt is a parametric-based Computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D modeling
software for both the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. It integrates wireframe,
freeform surfacing, feature-based solid modeling and photo-realistic rendering (see
Ray tracing), and animation.
Electric Image Animation System (EIAS3D) is a 3D animation and rendering package
available on both Mac OS X and Windows. Mostly known for its rendering quality
and rendering speed it does not include a built-in modeler. The popular film Pirates
of the Caribbean and the television series Lost used the software.
form (AutoDesSys, Inc.) is a general purpose solid/surface 3D modeler. Its primary
use is for modeling, but it also features photo realistic rendering and object-centric
animation support. form is used in architecture, interior design, illustration, product
design, and set design. It supports plug-ins and scripts, has import/export capabilities
and was first released in 1991. It is currently available for both Mac OS X and
Windows.
GPure is a software to prepare scene/meshes from digital mockup to multiple uses
Grome is a professional outdoor scene modeler (terrain, water, vegetation) for
games and other 3D real-time applications.
Houdini (Side Effects Software) is used for visual effects and character animation. It
was used in Disney's feature film The Wild. Houdini uses a non-standard interface
that it refers to as a "NODE system". It has a hybrid micropolygon-raytracer
renderer, Mantra, but it also has built-in support for commercial renderers like
Pixar's Render Man and mental ray.

7. Inventor (Autodesk) The Autodesk Inventor is for 3D mechanical design, product
simulation, tooling creation, and design communication.
Light Wave 3D (NewTek), first developed for the Amiga, was originally bundled as
part of the Video Toaster package and entered the market as a low cost way for TV
production companies to create quality CGI for their programming. It first gained
public attention with its use in the TV series Babylon 5 and is used in several
contemporary TV series. Light wave is also used in a variety of modern film
productions. It is available for both Windows and Mac OS X.
MASSIVE is a 3D animation system for generating crowd-related visual effects,
targeted for use in film and television. Originally developed for controlling the large-
scale CGI battles in The Lord of the Rings,] Massive has become an industry standard
for digital crowd control in high-end animation and has been used on several other
big-budget films. It is available for various UNIX and Linux platforms as well as
Windows.
Maya (Autodesk) is currently used in the film, television, and gaming industry. Maya
has developed over the years into an application platform in and of itself through
extendibility via its MEL programming language. It is available for Windows, Linux
and Mac OS X.
Modo (Luxology) is a subdivision modeling, texturing and rendering tool with
support for camera motion and morphs/blendshapes.and is now used in the
Television Industry It is available for both Windows and Mac OS X.
Mud box is a high resolution brush-based 3D sculpting program that claims to be the
first of its type. The software was acquired by Autodesk in 2007, and has a current
rival in its field known as ZBrush (see below).
NX (Siemens PLM Software) is an integrated suite of software for computer-aided
mechanical design (mechanical CAM), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and
computer-aided engineering (CAE) formed by combining the former Unigraphics and
SDRC I-deals software product lines.[12] NX is currently available for the following
operating systems: Windows XP and Vista, Apple Mac OS X, and Novell SUSE Linux.
Poser (Smith Micro) Poser is a 3D rendering and animation software program
optimized for models that depict the human figure in three-dimensional form and is
specialized for adjusting features of preexisting character models via varying
parameters. It is also for posing and rendering of models and characters. It includes
some specialized tools for walk cycle creation, cloth and hair.
Real Flow simulates and renders particle systems of rigid bodies and fluids.
Realsoft3D Real3D Full featured 3D modeling, animation, simulation and rendering
software available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Iris.

8. Remo 3D is a commercial 3D modeling tool specialized in creating 3D models for
real-time visualization, available for Windows and Linux.
Rhinoceros 3D is a commercial modeling tool which has excellent support for
freeform NURBS editing.
Shade 3D is a commercial modeling/rendering/animation tool from Japan with
import/export format support for Adobe, Social Worlds, and QuickTime among
others.
Silo (Never center) is a subdivision-surface modeler available for Mac OS X and
Windows. Silo does not include a renderer. Silo is the bundled in modeler for the
Electric Image Animation System suite.
Sketch Up Pro (Google) is a 3D modeling package that features a sketch-based
modeling approach. It has a pro version which supports 2D and 3D model export
functions among other features. A free version is integrated with Google Earth and
limits export to Google's "3D Warehouse", where users can share their content.
Softimage (Autodesk) (formerly Softimage|XSI) is a 3D modeling and animation
package that integrates with mental ray rendering. It is feature-similar to Maya and
3ds Max and is used in the production of professional films, commercials, video
games, and other media.
Solid Edge ( Siemens PLM Software) is a commercial application for design, drafting,
analysis, and simulation of products, systems, machines and tools. All versions
include feature-based parametric modeling, assembly modeling, drafting, sheet
metal, weldment, freeform surface design, and data management.] Application-
programming interfaces enable scripting in Visual Basic and C programming.
solid Thinking (solid Thinking) is a 3D solid/surface modeling and rendering suite
which features a construction tree method of development. The tree is the "history"
of the model construction process and allows real-time updates when modifications
are made to points, curves, parameters or entire objects.
Solid Works (Solid Works) is an application used for the design, detailing and
validation of products, systems, machines and tooling’s. All versions include
modeling, assemblies, drawing, sheet metal, weldment, and freeform surfacing
functionality. It also has support for scripting in Visual Basic and C.
Spore (Maxis) is a game that revolutionized the gaming industry by allowing users to
design their own fully functioning creatures with a very rudimentary, easy-to-use
interface. The game includes a COLLADA exporter, so models can be downloaded
and imported into any other 3D software listed here that supports the COLLADA
format. Models can also be directly imported into game development software such
as Unity (game engine).

9. Swift 3D (Electric Rain) is a relatively inexpensive 3D design, modeling, and
animation application targeted to entry-level 3D users and Adobe Flash designers.
Swift 3D supports vector and raster-based 3D animations for Adobe Flash and
Microsoft Silverlight XAML.
Vue (E-on Software) is a tool for creating, animating and rendering natural 3D
environments. It was most recently used to create the background jungle
environments in the 2nd and 3rd Pirates of the Caribbean films.[16]
ZBrush (Pixologic) is a digital sculpting and animation tool that combines 3D/2.5D
modeling, texturing and painting. It is available for Mac OS X and Windows. It is used
to create normal maps for low resolution models to make them look more detailed.
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