excellent

1. 1
TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA
“Emergency Services and Disaster Management
using Mobile Technology”
S T Abbas, Advisor, TRAI

2. Hybrid Network for Emergency Services and Disaster Situations
2
Source: Book-Wireless
Public Safety
Networks Volume 1:
Overview and
Challenges
By Daniel Câmara,
Navid Nikaein

3. Emergency Services and Disaster Management Communication Networks
3
Use of Mobile Technology is indispensable for Emergency Services and Disaster
Management. The following mobile technologies can be used for Emergency Services and
Disaster Management:
• Use of LTE Technology for Public Protection & Disaster Relief
• Use of IoT for Disaster Management
• Use of 5G for Emergency Communication and Disaster Management

4. Emergency Services and Disaster Management Communication Networks
4
• During disaster, the communication networks get entirely or partially damaged or become
congested with exceptionally high levels of traffic.
• When network connections are limited/unavailable/incompatible, effective coordination
becomes further complicated, and the lack of a comprehensive communication structure result in
delays in action. In these time-sensitive and mission critical situations, even few minutes lost can
mean the difference between life and death for victims in need of rescue.
• In USA, public safety agencies joined together to design, develop and deploy information and
communications technologies to support policing, criminal justice, public safety and homeland
security.

5. 5
PPDR communication networks
• Inter-agency collaboration initiatives of this nature resulted in the creation of Public
Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) communication networks. PPDR communication
networks allow for the rapid deployment of networks in situations where capacity is needed
on an expedited basis.
• PPDR communication system has two components -Public Protection (PP) radio
communications and Disaster Relief (DR) radio communications.
• PPDR supports a wide range of public services such as the maintenance of law and order,
protection of life and property, disaster relief and emergency responses.
• PPDR services (law enforcement, emergency medical service, firefighting, search and rescue,
border security etc) are provided by various PPDR agencies.

6. Operating environment
• PPDR activities are omnipresent and continuous in nature. It ranges from day-to-day routine
security and policing activity to event specific disaster relief.
• Based on the activity type, three distinct operating environments are defined that impose
different requirements on the use of PPDR services-
 Day-to-day: The routine operations that PPDR agencies conduct within their zone. These operations are
generally within national borders.
 Large emergency or public events: The operations need to be performed by PPDR agencies in addition to
routine operations in case of large emergency or public events. The size and nature of the event may require
additional resources from adjacent jurisdictions, cross border agencies or international organizations.
 Disasters: There is a sudden requirement of PPDR operation in case of disasters. Disaster can be natural or
due to human activity. Effective cross-border PPDR operation or international mutual aid could be beneficial
in this operating environment.
6

7. 7
Source: Motorola
Difference between Public Safety Model & Commercial Model

8. 8
How PPDR communication services differs from Mobile services?
PPDR communication services Mobile services
Push to talk Dial number
2 people cannot talk simultaneously
(Either Talk or Listen)
2 people can talk simultaneously
Broadcast message Not possible
Instant Group communication Not possible
Private Network (No Interconnection) Public Network
Inherent security in Handset Vulnerable to security breaches
For communication among a
group/organization
For general public

9. Ideal characteristics of PPDR communication networks
9
High Availability Large Capacity
Extensive
Coverage
Easily and
rapidly
deployable
Mobility Interoperability
Real time
response
High QoS
Standards
Highly Secure Highly Reliable
Easily
reconfigurable
and scalable

10. 10
Present scenario of PPDR communication networks in India
• Primary PPDR communication systems are designed and run by many independent state agencies.
• PPDR agencies are issued license by DoT under CMRTS category, accordingly spectrum is allocated
by WPC Wing of DoT in the 300 MHz or 400 MHz or 800 MHz bands.
• Present PPDR communication infrastructure is either old Analog Systems or it uses narrowband
radios.
• The narrowband nature of these radios limits them to only 2-way voice communications with no
inherent support for high-bandwidth transmission requirements such as interactive video
communication, remote video surveillance of security or disaster sites etc.
• The systems also suffer from problems like interoperability failures, inefficient use of spectrum,
and higher costs.
• The systems do not provide the level of secure communication required by India’s security forces
resulting in easy leak of information to unwanted entities.

11. 11
Need for next generation PPDR communication networks
• With the proliferation of digital technologies there is a growing need in PPDR communication for
significant enhancement in operational data capabilities.
• PPDR operations can derive significant benefits from the ability to access a wide variety of
information, including informational databases, access to instant messaging, high-quality images
and video, mapping and location services, remote control of robots, and other applications.
• Such PPDR application requires much higher bit-rates than what current narrowband PPDR
technology can deliver.
• Although narrowband and wideband systems will continue to be used simultaneously to meet
PPDR requirements in the near term, there is a growing need for broadband networks to support
improved data and multimedia capabilities.

12. Standards for PPDR communication
Technologies that are used for PPDR services based on data rates
• Narrowband: speed or bit rate up to 64kbps which is one voice channel in a radio system
• Wideband: carry data rates of several hundred kilobits per second (e.g. in the range of 384-
500 kbit/s)
• Broadband: data rates in range of 1-100 Mbit/s
Standards used for mobile PPDR communication
Multiple technologies are deployed in the field of PPDR communication.
• Some narrowband PPDR standards are Tetra, Tetrapol, Project 25 etc.
• Standard for wideband PPDR is TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Services).
• Standard for mobile broadband PPDR is LTE.
12

13. 13
Source: Motorola

14. 14
LTE - Standard for mobile broadband PPDR
• Present PPDR communication networks are not interoperable with each other.
• Interoperability issue can be overcome in broadband PPDR if the broadband PPDR network
operates on a common standard nationwide.
• The world’s emergency services are increasingly looking at LTE as the technology of choice for
mobile broadband PPDR network.
• The ITU-R released a report detailing the advantages of LTE for PPDR broadband compared to
previous generation mobile technologies. These include:
 Better coverage and capacity, and more reliable services
 Simplified, IP (internet protocol)-based architecture
 Low latency and low packet loss, which are important for real time applications
 Greater interoperability due to commercially standardized protocols and interfaces
 Better security features and capabilities
 Quality of service and prioritization
 Can be flexibly deployed with a wide range of channel sizes/carrier bandwidths.

15. 15
Source: Samsung

16. 16
Public Safety Application Categories
Source: Nokia

17. 17
Public Safety Devices -MOTOROLA
DRONES

18. 18
New Revolutionary M2M Wearable
Public Safety Devices -NOKIA

19. 19
TRAI’s role so far
• Keeping in view the need to have a robust policy framework for the introduction of an advanced,
reliable, robust and responsive PPDR communication system in the country, TRAI has suo-motu
initiated a Consultation Paper on 9th October, 2017 on ‘Next Generation Public Protection and
Disaster Relief (PPDR) communication networks’ raising specific issues for consideration of the
stakeholders.
• The Consultation Paper has elaborated on the issues and shortcoming with the existing PPDR
network, features of Next Generation PPDR networks, technical specifications and spectrum
availability and future requirements. Execution models prevailing in various countries for Next
Generation PPDR network have been deliberated and included in the CP as international practices.

20. 20
Issues to be addressed for the implementation of BBPPDR
communication networks in India
1. Spectrum for BBPPDR communication networks
2. Network Model

21. 21
Issue 1: Spectrum for BBPPDR communication networks
1. Spectrum Model
• There are 2 options for spectrum-
Dedicated Spectrum: Dedicated spectrum is allocated for PPDR network.
Commercial Spectrum: No spectrum is allocated to PPDR network. The spectrum is shared with the
commercial networks throughout the country.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES:
• UK is using commercial network to provide mobile broadband to public safety agencies. EE (mobile
network operator) has won the contract to provide mobile (access) services to public safety agencies
using its existing commercial 4G network.
• South Korea, US, Australia, Qatar, Thailand, France have allocated dedicated spectrum for Public Safety-
LTE (PS-LTE).
• In United States, a government authority (FirstNet) was created to build, operate and maintain the first
high-speed, nationwide wireless broadband network dedicated to public safety which will provide a
single interoperable platform for emergency and daily public safety communications. It is now exploring
ways to monetize the capacity of dedicated spectrum while it is not needed by PPDR agencies. This is the
hybrid model.

22. 22
Cost-benefits Tradeoff
• Studies conducted by Hong Kong University has indicated that the social benefits of allocating
10+10 MHz of spectrum for PPDR are far in excess of the value of the spectrum.
Country Opportunity
cost (20 MHz)
Annual losses per capita
Australia $33 $299
China $9 $54
Indonesia $2 $505
Malaysia $6 $269
New Zealand $20 $280
Singapore $19 $36
South Korea $13 $182
Note: There is no study for India
Issue 1: Spectrum for BBPPDR communication networks

23. 23
Issue 1: Spectrum for BBPPDR communication networks
2. Candidate bands
Source Harmonized band for PPDR Technology
Resolution 646
WRC 03 , rev.WRC 12
406.1-430 MHz, 440-470 MHz, 806-824/851-869 MHz, 4940-4990 MHz
5850-5925 MHz, For Region 3
Narrowband
ITU-R recommendation M.1826 4940-4990 MHz, For Region3 Broadband
Resolution 646
rev. WRC 15
694-894 MHz, Globally
This includes: 700 MHz APT band 28
(703-748/758-803), 800 MHz APT band 26 (814-849/859-894)
Broadband
• Harmonized band for PPDR recommended by ITU for Region 3
• In April 2017, APT issued a report on “Harmonization of frequency ranges for use by wireless PPDR
applications in Asia-Pacific region” suggesting APT administrations to consider using parts of the
following frequency ranges for PPDR when undertaking their national planning for PPDR operations:
694-894 MHz, as described (for broadband & narrowband)
406.1-430 MHz and 440-470 MHz, as described (for narrowband)
4940-4990 MHz, as described (for broadband )

24. 24
Issue 1: Spectrum for BBPPDR communication networks
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES:
• For broadband PPDR,
 South Korea and United States have allocated 2x10 MHz in 700 MHz band.
 Thailand has allocated 2x10 MHz in 800 MHz
 UAE has allocated 2x10 MHz (for PPDR application) and 5 MHz (for direct mode operation) in 700 MHz
band.
 Australia has allocated 10 MHz in 800 MHz band and 50 MHz in 4.9 GHz band.
 France has allocated 2x5 MHz and 2x3 MHz in 700 MHz band.
3. Quantum of Spectrum
• Many studies have substantiated the spectrum needs for mobile broadband PPDR applications in
different countries across the world.
• Reserving a minimum of 2x10 MHz for mobile broadband PPDR is becoming a commonly adopted
option by many countries. In addition certain countries have made additional allocations to meet
specific needs.

25. 25
Issue 2: Network Model
Network Model Pros Cons
Dedicated It is the best solution to provide
reliable, independent, high
performance and secure
connectivity for PPDR services.
• High cost
• It will take time to build a
dedicated network along the length
and breadth of the nation.
Commercial To facilitate rapid and cost effective
deployment of nationwide PPDR
infrastructure.
• Prone to heavy congestion during
disaster
• Presently no incentive since cost of
network & spectrum is high
Hybrid
(Dedicated PPDR infrastructure in
some regions and sharing with
Commercial network in the rest)
Provides flexibility, cost efficiency
and less time to make the network
operational.
1. Network Model
2. Who would manage the BBPPDR communication network?
• Nominate a PSU like BSNL
• Shortlist a TSP through a tendering process

26. 26
• TRAI has received 17 comments and 1 counter-comment. After due deliberation,
TRAI will issue comprehensive recommendations on Next Generation PPDR
communication networks.
TRAI’s next step

27. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
27

28. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based
systems, which are part of IoT network, plays
an important role in Disaster Management.
• The lightweight and energy-efficient IoT-
based protocols are useful to discover local
sensor devices and gateways for starting of
communications in a secure way.
28

29. Stack-supported reference model for IoT-based disaster management.
29

30. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
30

31. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Volcanic Disaster Management
• Volcanic eruptions took millions of lives in last century.
Industrial approaches are indeed necessary in this regard.
In the latest research, a novel sensor system is being built
employing the Industrial IoT (IIoT), especially by General
Electric, on and around the Masaya Volcano in the
Nicaraguan. This research aims to design a digital early
warning system to predict the volcanic eruptions.
• More than 80 IIoT-enabled sensors placed inside the
crater and remotely located cloud services altogether give
this system the capability to monitor the volcanic activity
and predict the eruption of dead time. Machine learning
algorithms and artificial intelligence are currently given
preferences to discover the suspicious patterns in the
volcanic activity. This is truly the first IoT-based volcano
monitoring project being governed in the world.
31

32. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Japan is also conducting the similar experiment to
predict and monitor sudden eruption in 47
different active volcanoes utilizing gathering a vast
pool of data used through deployed WSN where
IoT is acting as the backbone. The sensors of this
systems are designed to monitor (i) several
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions, (ii)
topography changes in geolocations, and (iii)
vibrations in the surrounding air which are caused
by the spewing rocks and ashes from the
volcanoes.
• The Korean researchers have developed a volcano
disaster response system using Geographic
Informatics System (GIS) with IoT
32

33. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Flood Disaster Management
• Flood is one of the most common disastrous events that take
place in different countries every year around the globe. IoT has
been able to be applied to save the livelihood among flood
affected areas in recent times.
• An integrated weather and flood detection and notification
system are proposed where audible alarms, Short Message
Service (SMS)-based notification, web portal-based visualization,
and status of the flood situation is facilitated. The developed
system uses water level sensor to estimate the depth of water
bodies by incorporating IoT as an essential tool where the
information about a level of water is sent to a local machine
through the local WiFi. The received information on the local
machine can be obtained by any smart phone and other digital
devices. A recent experiment shows how cooperative flood
monitoring and early detection service can be leveraged using
IoT, GSM and SMS.
33

34. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Citizen Flood Detection Network
• It is an open crowd-sensing IoT-enabled infrastructure
that is connected to flood sensing nodes around the
globe. However, presently, this facility is implemented
in Oxford floodplain.
• The node, which is usually deployed under the river
bridge, measures the water-level at every five-minute
interval. The data is then transmitted to the mapper-
service of the remote cloud for real-time monitoring of
current flood contexts. If water-level exceeds the
predefined safety level, the map changes colors (e.g.,
yellow and red). At the same time, the notifications are
also sent to the local control center and connected
people over the Internet.
34

35. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Floating Sensor Network
• A recent advancement at UC Berkley has opened a
new paradigm of gathering information about
flood situation of a river using their floating
product. The portable and cost effective floating
object carries Global Positioning System (GPS)
sensor and acceleration sensor. Up-on sudden rise
or gradual change in water is monitored by
floating object and instantaneously sent to the
nearby people through web as its alerting act.
35

36. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Forest Fire Disaster Management
• A forest fire is one of the most ancient mishaps taking place on the earth.
Recently, several destructive incidents happened, for instance, seven
people died in Uttarakhand, India forest-fire where 4,048 hectares forest
were burned. More incidents are also regularly taking place around the
globe throughout the year. This is obviously a serious concern where the
IoT has already been applied. Forest Weather Index (FWI) is the key to in
this involvement.
• Another research shows the advancement of this approach while utilizing
the Open Machine Type Communication (OpenMTC) platform. OpenMTC
is an open source and cloud-enabled platform to carry out research
activities in IoT incorporated M2M communication. OpenMTC has been
used to detect forest-fire by allowing the sensed data into the Gate-way
Service Capability Layer (GSCL) directly employing Arduino, DHT11 sensor,
LM35 sensor, and MQ 7 (Carbon Monoxide gas sensor) over the Internet.
The received information at GSCL is viewed in real-time and is further
analyzed.
36

37. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Landslide Disaster Management
• Landslide typically occurs after either rapid
deforestation or earth quake followed by heavy
rain in short duration of time. For instance, in
recent times, few casualties have been reported
due to repeated landslides in Sikkim, a hill state of
India.
• An excellent demonstration is carried out at
Bidholi, Dehradun, India, by incorporating tilt
sensor, pressure sensor, moisture sensor,
geophone, and strain gauge along with Arduino.
37

38. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• The moisture level and real-time soil tilting information
are sent and received by the ZigBee-based transceivers.
Scientists performed a similar approach at Idukki
district, Kerala, India, where rain fall induced landslide
was monitored. The sensor column with pressure, tilt,
geophone and strain gauge sensors were distributed
over the test field.
• A report on precise land sliding is obtained at
Loughborough University, where the acoustic sensor is
embedded with the designed system. At the rate of
20–30 THz, the acoustic signals are sent into the soil,
and reflected signal strength gives the high accurate
reading in terms of millimeter shift per day.
38

39. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Landslide Alarms
• Recently, the British Geological Survey has
released an application, called as Assessment of
Landslides using Acoustic Real-time Monitoring
Systems (ALARMS) to provide the information
about early warning for landslide in the deployed
areas. To obtain slope instability, an
accelerometer-based sensor system is deployed
over the slope region where landslide is evitable.
Based on the movement and density of ground,
an early warning is sent to its periphery.
39

40. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Another approach uses the topographical information
to cater the prior knowledge of a landslide using the
geographically distributed network of web-sensors
utilizing the Internet as the backbone.
• This network shares real-time information on the
landslide to trigger respective notification and
messaging events. Three basic types of sensing cum
communicating devices (accelerometers, High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) modem, and GPS
module, etc.) have been incorporated in the study.
• The actual representation of the laid architecture
behind this approach uses ZigBee-based sensor nodes
to collect the information about landslides in the test
area and transmit to its neighbours.
40

41. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Earthquake Disaster Management
• Earthquake is one of the natural events that occur almost every
day in different parts on the earth. It causes millions of people
die and homeless. The latest event was recorded in Nepal in April
2015. It took nearly 9,000 human lives and injured more than
22,000 people.
• Nevertheless, researchers are consistently engaging themselves
to design and develop novel forms of IoT-based systems that may
help to notify the prospective remotely located victims before
the incidence takes place.
• ‘NerveNet’, implemented at Onagawa, Japan, is one of the most
recent advancements toward the IoT integration with earthquake
monitoring. It is based on the concept of bypass network which is
proven to be disaster-resilient. This network is geographically
distributed over several kilometers of a region where local and
remote communications take place by involving WiFi, satellite,
optical Ethernet, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
41

42. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Nevertheless, the success of any earthquake related
system depends on its prior knowledge sharing. An IoT-
based early warning system is designed in to cope up
with this issue.
• A few number of accelerometers collect the raw
vibration data from different places on the ground and
assimilate together at the server-end. Then, if the
gathered measurement is above the threshold level,
the system notifies all the nearby people about the
possible danger of an earthquake. Furthermore, the
earthquake information needs to conveyed and
analyzed for further processing and inference of
knowledge.
42

43. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Earthquake Sensor System-Brinco
• It is the first IoT-enabled beacon that is designed to notify its
user about possible earthquake or tsunami in personal-aware
mode.
• The sensor system comprises of accelerometer, signal processing
unit and audio alarm units.
• It works as follows. If it perceives a vibration of the ground, it
sends this information to the Data Center, a cloud based service.
The Data Center assimilates this information with other seismic
networks information to obtain its perception. Finally, if the
judgment is good enough, it makes alarming sound and sends
push notifications to it users smart phone (Android or iOS)
instantly.
• Further, this information can be shared among the local as well
as global community utilizing social network sites.
43

44. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Industrial Disaster Management
• Industrial disasters can be massive enough to grab human lives as well as
to damage the economic condition of workers, factories, and government.
The risk becomes higher with gas, coal, electrical, and oil industries. This
section describes the involvement of IoT to handle the disasters in some
of these industrial sectors.
• The design for detection and monitoring of toxic gases is a major concern
in the gas generation facilities around the globe. A simple client-server-
based system model using Raspberry Pi is proposed in Korea to identifying
any hazardous gas in a gas factory.
• A similar approach is observed in, where AT Mega32 has been employed
as sensor node. This node is equipped with a platinum micro-wire to
detect dust particles in a gas leakage. This IoT-supported sensor node is
connected to the remote user with ZigBee to monitor the gas leakage in
its vicinity. Industrial gas repairing work takes a lot of manpower and
time. However, this process can be automated with the help of IoT [41].
• The system primarily identifies Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs) in gases.
44

45. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
Victim Localization
• Efficient localization and positioning system are
essential for the safety of victims in a disaster. To this
end, Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) is one of the efficient
approaches in a disastrous scenario. The MAVs can
locate a victim with the help of an attached
microphone.
• Four microphones are mounted over the MAV and
perform particle-filtering on the received audio signal.
Doppler shift in the sound and aerial dynamics assist
the MAV to track the victim accurately. Since IoT
devices are easy to get tagged, an approach for
efficient localization is presented in IoT.
45

46. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• IoT innovations could not only help in disaster
preparedness, but also disaster resilience. The vast
deployment of IoT-enabled devices (often battery
powered and able to operate and transmit wirelessly)
could bring benefits in terms of data network resilience in
face of disaster.
• IoT devices could enable limited communication services
(e.g. emergency micro-message delivery) in case the
conventional communication infrastructure is out of
service. Hence, even though disaster resilience is not their
primary purpose, this side-effect of providing a viable
alternative communication infrastructure could prove
extremely valuable in locations where the conventional
infrastructure is weak, vulnerable or non-existent.
46

47. Use of IoT in Disaster Management
• Adoption of new techniques could reduce the chances
of losing human lives as well as damage to large-scale
infrastructures due to both natural and human-made
disasters.
• IoT, which allows seamless interconnection among
heterogeneous devices with diverse functionality, is a
viable solution for disaster management.
• By applying data analytics and artificial intelligence
tools, IoT-enabled disaster management systems are
used for early warning about the mishap.
• Since the impact of any disaster is enormous, the IoT-
enabled disaster management system can be applied
to find the victim and possible rescue operations.
47

48. 48
Use of 5G in Disaster Management

49. Overview of Timeline for IMT Development and
Deployment
Development of IMT-2000 (3G)
Development of
IMT-Advanced (4G)
Visi
on
Development
of IMT-2020
(5G)
Visio
n
Deployment of IMT-2000 (3G)
Deployment
of IMT-
Advanced
(4G)
Deployment
of IMT-2020
(5G)
9 years
15 years
1985
SQ Adopted
FPLMTS
2000
IMT-2000
ITU-R
M.1457
(1st Release)
2015
IMT-
2020
Vision
ITU-R
M.2083
2003
Vision
ITU-R
M.1645
2012
IMT-
Advance
d
M.2012
(1st
Release)
2020
IMT-
2020
5 years

50. Technical requirements for 5G
• Ultra high speed: 20 Gbps peak data rate and 100 Mbps
user experienced data rate
• Massive connection (Device Density): One million
terminals per square km
• High reliability: Provide 99.999% service availability
even in an extreme situation
• Ultra-low latency: Provide less than 1ms latency over
radio interface
• High mobility: Guarantee seamless connectivity to
moving terminal at speed of 500 km/h
• High energy efficiency: Improvement of 100 times
energy efficiency per bit, in both network and device
sides
50

51. 5G Service Specification
51

52. 5G Services
The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) has classified 5G mobile network services
into three categories:
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB),
• Ultra-reliable and Low-latency
Communications (uRLLC) and
• Massive Machine Type Communications
(mMTC)
52

53. 5G Services
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) aims to meet the
people's demand for an increasingly digital lifestyle, and
focuses on services that have high requirements for
bandwidth, such as high definition (HD) videos, virtual reality
(VR), and augmented reality (AR).
• Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications (uRLLC) aims
to meet expectations for the demanding digital industry and
focuses on latency-sensitive services, such as assisted and
automated driving, smart grid, remote surgery and remote
management.
53

54. 5G Services
• Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) aims to
meet demands for a further developed digital society and
focuses on services that include high requirements for
connection density, such as IoT, smart city and smart
agriculture.
54

55. 5G Services as per Features
5G services are categorized according to the following five
features: immersiveness, intelligence, omnipresence,
autonomy and publicness. Each category includes typical
5G services as follows.
• Immersive 5G services: virtual reality/augmented reality
(VR/AR), massive contents streaming
• Intelligent 5G services: user-centric computing,
crowded area services
• Omnipresent 5G services: Internet of things
• Autonomous 5G services: smart transportation, drones,
robots
• Public 5G services: disaster monitoring, private
security/public safety, emergency services
55

56. Public 5G Services: Disaster Monitoring
• Multiple sensors can be used to monitor mountains, seas and
radioactively-contaminated places, as well as to minimize
damage under disaster situations by providing a quick
response through interworking with public safety networks.
• Sensors may also monitor forest fires and landscape changes
by sensing temperatures, vibrations, wind speeds and wind
direction. Radioactivity detection sensors can be used to
monitor changes in the radioactivity index at radioactively-
contaminated areas. It is possible to monitor radioactive
contamination in real time and to utilize that information for
access control or disaster notification services.
• Moreover, sensors can be installed in infrastructure facilities,
such as dams, bridges and expressways, and can be utilized
for the maintenance of facilities along with monitoring the
risk of collapse.
56

57. Public 5G Services: Disaster Monitoring
• As of now, such monitoring networks use existing
communication standards, such as Wi-Fi or ZigBee. However,
these networks are unable to provide the desired quality of
service (QoS) in terms of coverage, energy efficiency, network
reliability and cost efficiency.
• On the other hand, 5G networks may play a role in public
safety networks using the highest-priority protocol when an
event of emergency occurs. The integration of satellites in
future 5G networks will be seen as an essential part of the
terrestrial infrastructure to provide strategic solutions for
critical and lifesaving services. Satellites will be able to supply
critical and emergency services and keep the network alive in
cases of disaster.
57

58. Public 5G Services: Disaster Monitoring
• In terms of the sensors’ battery lifetime, energy efficiency is
one of the most significant features for 5G.
• Disaster monitoring networks require extreme levels of
reliability in their network connections. Hence, hyper-energy-
efficiency and hyper-reliability are mandatory features for 5G
networks. At the same time, the main requirements of sensor
networks, such as coverage and cost effectiveness, shall also
be considered in 5G networks.
58

59. Public Safety In Disaster Situations
• In disaster situations, networks may be reconstructed
as quickly as possible with mobile base stations and
wireless core networks, as first-aid activities are carried
out. In such situations, infrastructureless networks
should be established only with mobile devices to
provide the minimal telecommunication services
needed.
• In addition, network-connected CCTVs can monitor city
safety. The spatial limitations can be overcome by using
drones and unmanned robots in cases where the
rescuers cannot easily access the disaster area. These
robots will be able to inform about field status to the
rescue workers and the command center and also
rescue and restore the site remotely.
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60. Public Safety In Disaster Situations
• Moreover, a service to inform about the location of people
to rescue can be provided by using relay transmissions
between public safety- enabled (PS-enabled) terminals
even without a network infrastructure.
• In addition, 5G can provide advanced security
mechanisms. The most important feature of 5G to
facilitate such security and safety services is to classify
public safety service data according to priority.
• Additionally, public safety services may be provided with
PS-enabled terminals that can broadcast the message and
perform direct relay communication via their terminals.
• Furthermore, mission critical services requiring very high
reliability and global coverage will be supported by the 5G
infrastructure.
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61. Emergency Services in 5G
• In an emergency situation, responsiveness to the emergency can
be improved by providing the data of a patient in an ambulance
and getting remote medical care.
• In detail, when an accident occurs in a remote place and
emergency actions are required, medical treatment can be
provided through first-aid robots. The limitations of current
technologies for these types of services include reliability and the
requirement of low latency.
• The delivery of medical data obtained from emergency situations
and the information on remote medical treatment and surgery
should be delivered with the highest level of reliability and the
lowest latency.
• In addition, high-quality videos regarding the emergency area
and the medical data on the patients need to be sent with high
speed and wider network coverage. Hence, 5G will be suitable
for such types of emergency services, with its ultra-reliable
wireless transmission and latency within 1 ms.
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62. THANK YOU
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