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Chapter 13 Wired LANs: Ethernet 
1. IEEE Standards 
2. Standard Ethernet 
3. Changes in the Standard 
4. Fast Ethernet 
5. Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE Standards 
• In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started aa pprroojjeecctt,, ccaalllleedd 
PPrroojjeecctt 880022,, ttoo sseett ssttaannddaarrddss ttoo eennaabbllee iinntteerrccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn aammoonngg 
eeqquuiippmmeenntt ffrroomm aa vvaarriieettyy ooff mmaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss.. 
• PPrroojjeecctt 880022 iiss aa wwaayy ooff ssppeecciiffyyiinngg ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff tthhee pphhyyssiiccaall llaayyeerr aanndd 
tthhee ddaattaa lliinnkk llaayyeerr ooff mmaajjoorr LLAANN pprroottooccoollss.. 
• TThhee IIEEEEEE hhaass ssuubbddiivviiddeedd ddaattaa lliinnkk llaayyeerr iinnttoo ttwwoo ssuubb llaayyeerrss :: 
LLooggiiccaall LLiinnkk CCoonnttrrooll ((LLLLCC)) 
MMeeddiiaa AAcccceessss CCoonnttrrooll ((MMAACC))
The relationship of the 802 standard to the traditional ISO model is shown 
in the following figure.
IEEE 802 Working Group 
Active working groups Inactive or disbanded working groups 
802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working 
Group 
802.3 Ethernet Working Group 
802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network 
(WPAN) Working Group 
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working 
Group 
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group 
802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG 
802.19 Coexistence TAG 
802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 
(MBWA) Working Group 
802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working 
Group 
802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 
802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group 
802.4 Token Bus Working Group 
802.5 Token Ring Working Group 
802.7 Broadband Area Network Working 
Group 
802.8 Fiber Optic TAG 
802.9 Integrated Service LAN Working 
Group 
802.10 Security Working Group 
802.12 Demand Priority Working Group 
802.14 Cable Modem Working Group
Logical Link Control (LLC) 
• Framing: LLC defines a protocol data unit ((PPDDUU)) tthhaatt iiss ssiimmiillaarr ttoo 
tthhaatt ooff HHDDLLCC 
• TToo pprroovviiddee ffllooww aanndd eerrrroorr ccoonnttrrooll ffoorr tthhee uuppppeerr--llaayyeerr pprroottooccoollss tthhaatt 
aaccttuuaallllyy ddeemmaanndd tthheessee sseerrvviicceess
Standard Ethernet 
• The original Ethernet was created in 1976 aatt XXeerrooxx’’ss PPaalloo AAllttoo 
RReesseeaarrcchh CCeenntteerr ((PPAARRCC)).. SSiinnccee tthheenn,, iitt hhaass ggoonnee tthhrroouugghh ffoouurr 
ggeenneerraattiioonnss
802.3 MAC frame
Addressing 
• Ethernet address iinn hheexxaaddeecciimmaall nnoottaattiioonn
• The least significant bit of the first byte defines the 
type of address. 
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast; otherwise, it is 
multicast 
• The broadcast destination address is a special case 
of the multicast address in which all bits are 1s
Physical Layer: Ethernet
10Base5: Thick Ethernet
10Base2: Thin Ethernet
10BaseT: Twisted-Pair Ethernet
10Base-F: Fiber Ethernet
Summary of Standard Ethernet
Changes in the Standard 
• Bridged Ethernet: Raising bandwidth and sseeppaarraattiinngg ccoolllliissiioonn 
ddoommaaiinnss
Changes in the Standard 
• Switched EEtthheerrnneett:: NN--ppoorrtt bbrriiddggee
Changes in the Standard 
• Full-duplex (switched) Ethernet: nnoo nneeeedd ffoorr CCSSMMAA//CCDD
Fast Ethernet 
• Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33uu 
• UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 110000 MMbbppss 
• MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd EEtthheerrnneett 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh 
• MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr 
• CCSSMMAA//CCDD ffoorr tthhee hhaallff--dduupplleexx aapppprrooaacchh 
• NNoo nneeeedd ffoorr CCSSMMAA//CCDD ffoorr ffuullll--dduupplleexx FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett 
• AAuuttoonneeggoottiiaattiioonn:: aallllooww ttwwoo ddeevviicceess ttoo nneeggoottiiaattee tthhee mmooddee oorr ddaattaa rraattee 
ooff ooppeerraattiioonn
Fast Ethernet: Physical Layer 
• TTooppoollooggyy 
• IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn
Fast Ethernet: Encoding
Summary of Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet 
• Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33zz 
• UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 11 GGbbppss 
• MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd oorr FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh 
• SSuuppppoorrtt aauuttoonneeggoottiiaattiioonn aass ddeeffiinneedd iinn FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett 
• MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr 
• MMoosstt ooff aallll iimmppllmmeennttaattiioonnss ffoolllloowwss ffuullll--dduupplleexx aapppprrooaacchh 
• In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is no collision; 
the maximum length of the cable is determined by the signal 
attenuation in the cable. 
• HHaallff--dduupplleexx mmooddee ((vveerryy rraarree)) 
• TTrraaddiittiioonnaall:: 00..551122 μss ((2255mm)) 
• CCaarrrriieerr EExxtteennssiioonn:: 551122 bbyytteess ((4400996 bbiittss)) mmiinn.. lleennggtthh 
• FFrraammee bbuurrssttiinngg ttoo iimmpprroovvee tthhee iinneeffffiicciieennccyy ooff ccaarrrriieerr eexxtteennssiioonn
Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer 
• TTooppoollooggyy
Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer 
• IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn 
• EEnnccooddiinngg
Gigabit Ethernet: Summary
Ten-Gigabit Ethernet 
• Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33aaee 
• UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 1100 GGbbppss 
• MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd,, FFaasstt,, aanndd GGiiggaa EEtthheerrnneett 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt 
• KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh 
• AAllllooww tthhee iinntteerrccoonnnneeccttiioonn ooff eexxiissttiinngg LLAANNss iinnttoo aa MMAANN oorr 
WWAANN 
• MMaakkee EEtthheerrnneett ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh FFrraammee RReellaayy aanndd AATTMM 
• MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr:: OOnnllyy iinn ffuullll--dduupplleexx mmooddee  nnoo CCSSMMAA//CCDD

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Ieee standards

  • 1. Chapter 13 Wired LANs: Ethernet 1. IEEE Standards 2. Standard Ethernet 3. Changes in the Standard 4. Fast Ethernet 5. Gigabit Ethernet
  • 2. IEEE Standards • In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started aa pprroojjeecctt,, ccaalllleedd PPrroojjeecctt 880022,, ttoo sseett ssttaannddaarrddss ttoo eennaabbllee iinntteerrccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn aammoonngg eeqquuiippmmeenntt ffrroomm aa vvaarriieettyy ooff mmaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss.. • PPrroojjeecctt 880022 iiss aa wwaayy ooff ssppeecciiffyyiinngg ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff tthhee pphhyyssiiccaall llaayyeerr aanndd tthhee ddaattaa lliinnkk llaayyeerr ooff mmaajjoorr LLAANN pprroottooccoollss.. • TThhee IIEEEEEE hhaass ssuubbddiivviiddeedd ddaattaa lliinnkk llaayyeerr iinnttoo ttwwoo ssuubb llaayyeerrss :: LLooggiiccaall LLiinnkk CCoonnttrrooll ((LLLLCC)) MMeeddiiaa AAcccceessss CCoonnttrrooll ((MMAACC))
  • 3. The relationship of the 802 standard to the traditional ISO model is shown in the following figure.
  • 4. IEEE 802 Working Group Active working groups Inactive or disbanded working groups 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG 802.19 Coexistence TAG 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group 802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group 802.4 Token Bus Working Group 802.5 Token Ring Working Group 802.7 Broadband Area Network Working Group 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG 802.9 Integrated Service LAN Working Group 802.10 Security Working Group 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group
  • 5.
  • 6. Logical Link Control (LLC) • Framing: LLC defines a protocol data unit ((PPDDUU)) tthhaatt iiss ssiimmiillaarr ttoo tthhaatt ooff HHDDLLCC • TToo pprroovviiddee ffllooww aanndd eerrrroorr ccoonnttrrooll ffoorr tthhee uuppppeerr--llaayyeerr pprroottooccoollss tthhaatt aaccttuuaallllyy ddeemmaanndd tthheessee sseerrvviicceess
  • 7. Standard Ethernet • The original Ethernet was created in 1976 aatt XXeerrooxx’’ss PPaalloo AAllttoo RReesseeaarrcchh CCeenntteerr ((PPAARRCC)).. SSiinnccee tthheenn,, iitt hhaass ggoonnee tthhrroouugghh ffoouurr ggeenneerraattiioonnss
  • 8.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Addressing • Ethernet address iinn hheexxaaddeecciimmaall nnoottaattiioonn
  • 13. • The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type of address. If the bit is 0, the address is unicast; otherwise, it is multicast • The broadcast destination address is a special case of the multicast address in which all bits are 1s
  • 20. Changes in the Standard • Bridged Ethernet: Raising bandwidth and sseeppaarraattiinngg ccoolllliissiioonn ddoommaaiinnss
  • 21. Changes in the Standard • Switched EEtthheerrnneett:: NN--ppoorrtt bbrriiddggee
  • 22. Changes in the Standard • Full-duplex (switched) Ethernet: nnoo nneeeedd ffoorr CCSSMMAA//CCDD
  • 23. Fast Ethernet • Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33uu • UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 110000 MMbbppss • MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd EEtthheerrnneett • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh • MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr • CCSSMMAA//CCDD ffoorr tthhee hhaallff--dduupplleexx aapppprrooaacchh • NNoo nneeeedd ffoorr CCSSMMAA//CCDD ffoorr ffuullll--dduupplleexx FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett • AAuuttoonneeggoottiiaattiioonn:: aallllooww ttwwoo ddeevviicceess ttoo nneeggoottiiaattee tthhee mmooddee oorr ddaattaa rraattee ooff ooppeerraattiioonn
  • 24. Fast Ethernet: Physical Layer • TTooppoollooggyy • IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn
  • 26. Summary of Fast Ethernet
  • 27. Gigabit Ethernet • Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33zz • UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 11 GGbbppss • MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd oorr FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh • SSuuppppoorrtt aauuttoonneeggoottiiaattiioonn aass ddeeffiinneedd iinn FFaasstt EEtthheerrnneett • MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr • MMoosstt ooff aallll iimmppllmmeennttaattiioonnss ffoolllloowwss ffuullll--dduupplleexx aapppprrooaacchh • In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is no collision; the maximum length of the cable is determined by the signal attenuation in the cable. • HHaallff--dduupplleexx mmooddee ((vveerryy rraarree)) • TTrraaddiittiioonnaall:: 00..551122 μss ((2255mm)) • CCaarrrriieerr EExxtteennssiioonn:: 551122 bbyytteess ((4400996 bbiittss)) mmiinn.. lleennggtthh • FFrraammee bbuurrssttiinngg ttoo iimmpprroovvee tthhee iinneeffffiicciieennccyy ooff ccaarrrriieerr eexxtteennssiioonn
  • 28. Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer • TTooppoollooggyy
  • 29. Gigabit Ethernet: Physical Layer • IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn • EEnnccooddiinngg
  • 31. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet • Under tthhee nnaammee ooff IIEEEEEE 880022..33aaee • UUppggrraaddee tthhee ddaattaa rraattee ttoo 1100 GGbbppss • MMaakkee iitt ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh SSttaannddaarrdd,, FFaasstt,, aanndd GGiiggaa EEtthheerrnneett • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee 4488--bbiitt aaddddrreessss aanndd tthhee ssaammee ffrraammee ffoorrmmaatt • KKeeeepp tthhee ssaammee mmiinn.. aanndd mmaaxx.. ffrraammee lleennggtthh • AAllllooww tthhee iinntteerrccoonnnneeccttiioonn ooff eexxiissttiinngg LLAANNss iinnttoo aa MMAANN oorr WWAANN • MMaakkee EEtthheerrnneett ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh FFrraammee RReellaayy aanndd AATTMM • MMAACC SSuubbllaayyeerr:: OOnnllyy iinn ffuullll--dduupplleexx mmooddee  nnoo CCSSMMAA//CCDD