HTML Lists & Llinks

Subject Teacher: Nisa Soomro
nisa1207@gmail.com
https://sites.google.com/site/neisa1207/

 Lists
 Ordered List
 Un-Ordered List
 Description List
 Adding Links
 Adding Images

Humans are natural list makers, and HTML provides elements for marking
up three types of lists:
 Unordered lists. Collections of items that appear in no particular order.
 Ordered lists. Lists in which the sequence of the items is important.
 Description lists. Lists that consist of name and value pairs, including but
not limited to terms and definitions.

<ul>
<li><a href="">Serif</a></li>
<li><a href="">Sans-serif</a></li>
<li><a href="">Script</a></li>
<li><a href="">Display</a></li>
<li><a href="">Dingbats</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>...</ul> Unordered list
<li>...</li> List item within an unordered list

<ul type=“disc”>
</ul>
By default un-ordered list is the type of DISC

Description lists are used for any type of name/value pairs,
such as terms and their definitions, questions and answers, or
other types of terms and their associated information. Their
structure is a bit different from the other two lists that we just
discussed.
<dl>...</dl> A description list
<dt>...</dt> A name, such as a term or label
<dd>...</dd> A value, such as a description or definition

dl = description Lists
dt = data term
dd = data definition

<dl>
<dt>Linotype</dt>
<dd>Line-casting allowed type to be selected, used, then recirculated
into the machine automatically.</dd>
<dt>Photocomposition</dt>
<dd>Typefaces are stored on film then projected onto photo-sensitive
paper. Lenses adjust the size of the type.</dd>
<dt>Digital type</dt>
<dd>Digital typefaces store the outline of the font in shape. </dd>
</dl>

Anchor Syntax
The simplified structure of the anchor element is:
<a href="url"> linked text or element </a>
<a href="http://www.google.com">Google</a>

To make an image a link, simply put the img element
in the anchor element:
<a href="http://www.google">
<img src=“gogo.gif" alt=“GoogleLogo">
</a>

all graphical browsers display linked text as blue and
underlined by default.
Visited links generally display in purple. Users can
change these colors in their browser references, and,
of course, you can change the appearance of links for
your sites using style sheets.

The href Attribute
The href (hypertext reference) attribute provides the
address of the page or resource (its URL) to the
browser. The URL must always appear in quotation
marks. Most of the time you’ll point to other HTML
documents; however, you can also point to other web
resources, such as images, audio, and video files.

The href Attribute
There are two ways to specify the URL:
Absolute URLs provide the full URL for the document.
Relative URLs describe the pathname to a file relative
to the current document.

a link to a page that you’ve found on the Web. This is known as an
“external” link because it is going to a page outside of your
own server or site. To make an external link, you need to provide
the absolute URL, beginning with http:// (the protocol). This
tells the browser, “Go out on the Web and get the following
document.”
<a href="http://www.foodnetwork.com">The Food Network</a>

A large portion of the linking you’ll do will be between pages of
your own site: from the home page to section pages, from
section pages to content pages, and so on. In these cases,
you can use a relative URL—one that calls for a page on your
own server. Without “http://”, the browser looks on the current
server for the linked document. A pathname, the notation used
to point to a particular file or directory, tells the browser where
to find the file. A relative pathname describes how to get to the
linked document. starting from the location of the current
document.

When you are writing relative pathnames, it is critical that you follow these
rules to avoid common errors:
 Don’t use backslashes (). Web URL pathnames use forward slashes (/)
only.
 Don’t start with the drive name (D:, C:, etc.). Although your pages will link to
each other successfully while they are on your own computer, once they
are uploaded to the web server, the drive name is irrelevant and will break
your links.
 Don’t start with file://. This also indicates that the file is local and causes the
link to break when it is on the server.

The most straightforward relative URL points to
another file within the same directory. When link to
a file in the same directory, you only need to provide
the name of the file (its filename). When the URL is a
single filename, the server looks in the current
directory (that is, the directory that contains the
document with the link) for the file.

A link to just the filename indicates the linked file isin the same directory
as the current document.
In this example, I want to make a link from my home page (index.html)
to a general information page (about.html). Both files are in the same
directory (jenskitchen). So from my home page, I can make a link to the
information page by simply providing its filename in the URL.
<a href="about.html">About the site...</a>

Getting back to our example, my recipe files are stored in a
subdirectory called recipes. If you want to make a link from
index.html to a file in the recipes directory called salmon.html.
The pathname in the URL tells the browser to look in the
current directory for a directory called recipes, and then look
for the file salmon.html

Let’s start by making a link from salmon.html back to the home
page (index.html). Because salmon.html is in the recipes
subdirectory, we need to back up a level to jenskitchen to find
index.html. This pathname tells the browser to “go up one level,”
then look in that directory for index.html
<a href="../index.html">[Back to home page]</a>
Note that we don’t need to write out the name of the higher
directory (jenskitchen) in the pathname. The ../ stands in for it.

Can you guess how you’d back your way out of two directory levels?
Simple: just use the dot-dot-slash twice
A link on the couscous.html page back to the home page (index.html) would look like this:
<a href="../../index.html">[Back to home page]</a>
The first ../ backs up to the recipes directory;
the second ../ backs up to the top-level directory where index.html can be found.
Again, there is no need to write out the directory names; the ../ does it all.

The src attribute in the img element works the same as the
href attribute in anchors when it comes to specifying URLs.
Since you’ll most likely be using images from your own server,
the src attributes within your image elements will be set to
relative URLs.
Let’s look at a few examples from the Jen’s Kitchen site. First,
to add an image to the index.html page, the markup would be:
<img src="images/jenskitchen.gif" alt="">
The URL says, “Look in the current directory (jenskitchen) for
the images directory; in there you will find jenskitchen.gif.”

This is useful for providing shortcuts to information at the
bottom of a long, scrolling page or for getting back to the top
of a page with just one click or tap. Linking to a specific point
in the page is also referred to as linking to a document
fragment.

Step 1: Identifying the destination
<h1 id="startH">H</h1>
Step 2: Linking to the destination
<a href="#startH">H</a>

Setting target="_blank" always causes the browser to
open a fresh window.
For example:
<a href="http://www.oreilly.com" target="_blank">O'Reilly</a>
If you target “_blank” for every link, every link will launch a
new window, potentially leaving your user with a mess of
open windows.

By using the mailto protocol in a link, you can link to an
email address. When the user clicks on a mailto link, the
browser opens a new mail message preaddressed to that
address in a designated mail program.
A sample mailto link is shown here:
<a href="mailto:alklecker@example.com">Contact Al Klecker</a>
As you can see, it’s a standard anchor element with the href
attribute. But the value is set to mailto:name@address.com.

Keep in mind that the smartphones people are using to access
your website can also be used to make phone calls! Why not
save your visitors a step by letting them dial a phone number
on your site simply by tapping on it on the page? The syntax
uses the tel: scheme and is very simple.
<a href="tel:+18005551212">
Call us free at (800) 555-1212
</a>

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