This is a introductory presentation to the Ergonomics . For more information Contact : www.facebook.com/nirdesh.baral

1. Introduction To Ergonomics
Presented By :
Nirdesh Baral
Roll No : 15

2. What is Ergonomics ?
Ergon + Nomoi = Ergonomics
Work Natural Laws ???
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of interaction among
humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human
well-being and overall system performance
- International Ergonomics Association
2

3. History
The name 'Ergonomics' officially accepted in 1950. First use of the word actually
can be traced to a series of four articles written by Prof. Wojciech
Jastrzebowski in Poland in 1857.
3
Ergonomics
Biomechanics
Physiology
Industrial and
organizational psy-
chology
Economics
Branches
It is the science of movement of a living
body, including how muscles, bones,
tendons and ligaments work together to
produce movement.

4. Types Of Ergonomics
Physical ergonomics
It is the human body responses to physical and physiological workloads.
Repetitive strain injuries from repetition, vibration, force, and posture fall into
this category.
Cognitive ergonomics
Its deals with the mental processes and capacities of humans when at work.
Mental strain from workload, decision making, human error, and training fall in
to this category.
Organizational ergonomics
Its deals with the organizational structures, policies and processes in the
work environment, such as shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction, motivation,
supervision, teamwork, telecommuting, and ethics.
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5. Principle of Ergonomics
Principle 1. Maintain Neutral Posture
Principle 2. Work in the Power / Comfort Zone
Principle 3. Allow for Movement and Stretching
Principle 4. Reduce Excessive Force
Principle 5. Reduce Excessive Motions
Principle 6. Minimize Contact Stress
Principle 7. Reduce Excessive Motions
Principle . Reduce Excessive Motions
This principle is very similar to maintaining a neutral posture, but is worth
expounding upon here.
The power zone for lifting is close to the body, between mi-thigh and mid-chest
height. This zone is where the arms and back can lift the most with the least
amount of effort.
This can also be called the “hand shake zone” or “comfort zone.” The principle
here is that if you can “shake hands with your work”, you are minimizing
excessive reach and maintaining a neutral posture.
Working from the power / comfort / handshake zone ensures that you are
working from proper heights and reaches, which reduces MSD risk factors and
allows for more efficient and pain-free work.
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6. Goals
The following points are among
the purpose/goals of ergonomics:
• Occupational injury and
illness reduction
• Workers compensation costs
containment
• Productivity improvement
• Work quality improvement
The methods by which these
goals are obtained involve:
•Evaluation and control of work site
risk factors
•Identification of existing work site
risk conditions
•Recommendation of engineering
and administrative controls to
reduce the identified risk
conditions
•Education of management and
workers to risk conditions
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7. Common Injuries
 Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)
 Mechanical trauma
 Compressed gases
 Radioactive materials
 Electric shocks
 Flammable liquids
 Corrosive substances
 Poisons.
7

8. Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Injuries
• 1.8 million MSD injuries
each year
• 600,000 MSD injuries
require Medical Treatment
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9. What Are MSDs?
Injuries to:
• Muscles
• Nerves
• Tendons—Tendinitis
• Ligaments
• Joints
• Spinal discs Image Credit: National Institutes of Health/NIAMS
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10. MSD Characteristics
• Occur from a single event or many small injuries
• May Take weeks, months, or years to develop
• Produce no symptoms in early stages, but show
symptoms after permanent injury has occurred
• Contributing causes may occur at home and work
• Same MSD may differ in severity from person to
person doing a similar task
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11. General Signs of MSDs
 Less strength for gripping
 Less range of motion
 Loss of muscle function
 Inability to do everyday
tasks
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12. MSD Symptoms
• Back and neck— shooting pain,
stiffness
• Shoulders—pain, stiffness, loss
of mobility
• Arms and legs— shooting pains,
numbness
• Elbow and knee joints—pain,
swelling, stiffness
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13. MSD Symptoms (cont.)
• Hands and wrists—swelling,
numb, loss of strength
• Fingers—jerking
movements, or loss of
strength, mobility, and feeling
• Thumbs—pain at the base
• Feet and toes—numb, stiff,
burning sensation
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14. Outward Signs of MSDs
• Swelling or
inflammation of joints
• Vigorously shaking hands
• Massaging hands,
wrists, or arms
• Cradling arms
• Limping
• Stiff back
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15. Common MSDs
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Low back pain
• Eye strain
• Tendinitis
• Trigger finger
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16. Risk Factors that Lead to MSDs
Repetitive
motions
Forceful
exertions
Awkward
postures
Contact
stress
(pressure
points)
Vibrations MSD
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17. Repetitive Motion
• Stress on muscles and tendons
• Contributing factors
• Duration and speed of repetitious
movement
• Number of muscles
involved
• Required force
• Raising and lowering the arm over
and over again
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18. Forceful Exertions
• Inflammation of tendons, nerves, joints
• Contributing factors
• Type of grip
• Weight of object
• Body posture
• Type and duration of the task
• Repeatedly turning a screwdriver while
pushing at the same time
Image Credit: OSHA
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19. Awkward Postures
• Stress on muscles and tendons
• Contributing factors
• Reaching overhead
• Force the body must maintain to hold
the position
• Holding fixed positions (static loading)
• Lifting while twisting, reaching, or
turning
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20. Contact Stress
• Pressing against or grabbing a
hard object puts pressure on
nerves, tendons, and blood
vessels
• Contributing factors
• Repetition
• Duration of contact
• Grip strength required
• Wresting wrists on the keyboard
while typing
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21. Vibration
• Affects tendons, muscles, joints,
nerves
• Contributing factors
• Prolonged grip
• Restricts blood supply to hands and
fingers
• Tools without vibration dampening
device
• Poor power tool maintenance
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22. Ergonomics Management
• Job assessment
• MSD reporting and response system
• Designated coordinator
• MSD intervention and control system
• Training
• Encourage employee participation and reporting of MSDs
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23. Identifying and Controlling MSD Hazards
• Determine whether MSD hazards
exist and degree of risk
• Devise a control strategy with your
input
• Implement control
measures
• Training
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24. Control Methods
• Install engineering controls including workstation
layout and proper tools
• Institute work practice controls including neutral
postures for performing tasks
• Administrative controls including rescheduling to
reduce frequency or duration of exposure to
MSDs
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) to provide a
protective barrier between worker and MSD
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25. How to Protect Yourself
• Change positions often, take stretch breaks
• Maintain neutral posture whenever possible
• Eliminate or reduce MSD risk factors
• Use material handling aids
• Report MSD symptoms
• Use of PPE
Job Rotation - Job task enlargement is a way to reduce duration,
frequency and severity of risk factors.
Counteractive Stretch Breaks- Implement rest or stretch breaks to
provide an opportunity to counteract any repeated or sustained
awkward postures and allow for adequate recovery time. 25

26. CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON EDUCATIONAL SECTOR -
POKHARAUNIVESITY
26
Labor
Act
2048

27. EDUCATIONAL SECTOR - POKHARA UNIVESITY
Labor
Act
(1992)/ch
apter no Policy
Implementation
in construction
site (Road
Project)
Recommentati on Referen
ce
Chapter-3Workinghour
Working Hour to minor and
women between 6am-6pm
10 am - 5 Pm/ √
Adult working hour:
8hr/day and 48hr/week √
A Weekly holiday with pay and
compulsory interval of rest weakly holiday and one
hour tiffin break
Allow overtime work and
payment 4 hr/day but not exceed
20hr/week 120 hour/ year 27

28. Chapter-5healthandsafety(article27).
ProvisionsRelatingtoHealthandSafety
Keep each Enterprise clean and
tidy √
adequate supply of fresh air and
light as well as proper
temperature in the working
rooms √
disposal of solid waste
during production process
solid waste( papers) dispose
through burning
no separate policy for solid
waste management so it
should be included in policy
Use of PPE
(poor )not adequate PPE is
providedto the laboratory
employee and to the
computer user.
sufficient supply of pure
potable water in working
hour √
separate modern type toilets
for male and female √
sanitation problem in
school toilets
declare as non-smoking zone √
28

29. Chapter-5healthandsafety compulsory health check-ups of the workers or
employees once every year
pre post medical examination certificate is
neded but not 2
practice periodic health check up
28.Protection of Eyes ×
29.Protection from Chemical Substance ×
30.Provision for Safety Against Fire: Fire extinguishing
devices shall have to be placed in the proper place,
sufficient water, emergency exit, device should check at
least once a year. yes in lab
31.Hazardous Machines to be fenced ×
32.Lifting of Heavy Weight: not more then 55 kg weight
for normal male and 45 kg for normal female.
√
33.Pressure Plant ×
34.Orders to Provide for Safety ×
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30. CHAPER–6WelfareProvision
35.Notice to be Provided for an accidental death,
injuries.
√
38. Compensation: In case any worker or employee of
the Enterprise is physically wounded or seriously hurt
or dies in course of his/her work, the compensation
shall be paid to him/her or to his/her family. ×
39.Gratuity, Provident Fund and Medical Expenses:
immediate treatment of worker or employee in case
injured while working, arrangement of medical
treatment personnel for organization having more
then 400 employee, organization should have separate
health facility for having more then 1000 employee.
immediate treatment of
worker in case of physical
injury, but there is not
arrangement of separate
medical personnel and
health facility
40. Leave: Sick leave: employee who served
continuously for one year should get up to 15
days/year and Maternity leave: 2 time maternity
leave is provided up to 60 day/female during her
entire working period.
sick leave:15 days / year
and maternity leave: 75
days/female/upto 2nd
delivery paternity leave:15
days/male/upto 2nd child
42. Provisions Relating to Children ×
43. Relaxing Room
provision of seminar hall in
each faculty or in each
office

31. CHAPTER–7SpecialProvisionstobeApplicabletoSpecialTypeof
Enterprise.
44. Canteen ×
Accident Insurance +
safety arrangement ; for the
workers engaged in the
construction site and vehicle
operating
with the contribution of employee and PU
There is two catagory of amount of insurance
.
Rs150000 for Below officer level employees
and Rs. 250000 for officer level and
above.The office assumes the 20 years of
maturity period for insurance policy and
decleared the amount of annual premium
amount
FirstAid Materials+
Prohibition of Consumption
of Alcoholic Drinks : for the
operator of transportation
business
√
31
Source : CRITICAL ANALYSISON EDUCATIONAL SECTOR - POKHARAUNIVESITY ,Srijana Tiwari

32. 32
References :
• Labor act 2048
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221773795_Knowled
ge_attitude_and_practices_of_pesticide_use_and_acetylcholine
sterase_depression_among_farm_ workers_in_Nepal
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275904159_Occupatio
nal_Safety_and_Health_Studies_in_Nepal
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200558170_Child_lab
our_and_associa ted_hazards_-_a_descriptive_study
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963153_Occupatio
nal_Safety_and_Health_among_Carpet_Factory_Workers_in_a
_District_of_Nepal

33. Key Points to Remember
•Recognize MSD signs and symptoms
•Understand MSD hazards
•Take steps to control MSD hazards
•Report MSDs
•Participate in the Ergonomics Program
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34. 34
Thank You