This document provides an overview of Imperial College London's energy research activities. It discusses the major energy challenges facing the world, including increasing demand, environmental impacts, and security of supply issues. It describes Imperial's Energy Futures Lab initiative and some of its key interdisciplinary research projects in areas like clean fossil fuels, biofuels, future electricity grids, and new solar routes to hydrogen. It also summarizes Imperial's educational activities, including a new Masters program in Sustainable Energy Futures.

1. A good deal of Imperial Energy Prof Sandro Macchietto Chem Eng & Energy Futures Lab © Imperial College London Page

4. © Imperial College London Page

5. Environmental effects will define the agenda © Imperial College London Page Source: University of Berne and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration In D. King, Royal Society, 29 March 2004 CO2 levels - last 60,000 years Air, particulates, …

6. Unsustainable impact © Imperial College London Page $10-20 trillion capital investment in energy needed by 2030

7. Global Demand 2030: +60% (3/4 non OECD) © Imperial College London Page Demand exceeds Capacity !

8. Demand by sector © Imperial College London Page Other (residential services, farming) Industry Power (electricity) Trasport

9. Security of supply – fossil sources: distribution of uses and reserves do not match © Imperial College London Page

10. 2/3 of energy is “lost” !!!! © Imperial College London Page

11. The carbon challenge © Imperial College London Page

13. © Imperial College London Page Imperial College – No. of full time academic staff Page no./ref © Imperial College London Nuclear Oil & Gas Photovoltaics Transport Power generation and utilities Energy policy Fuel Cells Fusion and high energy physics Impact on air, water, soil Waste management ~250

14. © Imperial College London Page Imperial College Energy Futures Lab Launched 2 November 2005

17. © Imperial College London Page

21. © Imperial College London Page BP Urban Energy Systems Project Launch project £4.5M from BP. This project will explore how money and energy could be saved in the future if cities integrated the systems that supply them with resources.

22. © Imperial College London Page Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge on Clean Fossil Fuels A multi-million pound joint, strategic research programme. Imperial College and Shell to jointly develop processes to enhance the extraction of difficult hydrocarbons with minimal release of greenhouse gases. Launched by Dr Jan van der Eijk, Group Chief Technology Officer, Shell International, February 2007.

23. © Imperial College London Page EPSRC Programme on New and Renewable Solar Routes to Hydrogen Announced in April 2007, start October 07 Five year, £4.2M programme To harvest solar energy to produce renewable and cost effective hydrogen as an alternative energy source . Biological and chemical solar driven methods (materials, reactors, systems) for producing hydrogen which can be used to operate fuel cells. Scientist and engineers from four Departments across Imperial. Will develop materials, reactors and systems

25. © Imperial College London Page Pumped water 10 6 Metros freeways Oil/el vehicles coal based lighting Coal htg ? Historically cities are problem solving machines adapting industrial solutions Population 1900 1800 10 7 Innovators?

27. Urban Energy Systems © Imperial College London Page Risparmi energetici stimati : 20-45% Engineering (civil, chemical & systems) Environmental policy Business School

28. © Imperial College London Page 20-25% Efficient? Process Integration applied to cities as systems

29. New Tools to handle city level data fast © Imperial College London Page Traffic density to heat island GIS plot Light data proxy for urban activity Three types of city?

30. Shell-Imperial “Grand Challenge” Clean Fossil Fuels © Imperial College London Page

33. Clean coal: gassification + CCS © Imperial College London Page Co-combustion with biomass, Poli-generation, Synthesis fuels

34. Transport = oil © Imperial College London Page Minimise impact Find alternative forms

36. ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 Ethanol CO2-Capture by Photosynthesis e.g. Crop Growth End Use e.g. combustion in vehicles Carbon Capture & Sequestration CO 2 Gas Markets Leakage? GHGs GHGs GHGs Fossil Energy Fossil Energy Fossil Energy Co-products Other Inputs e.g. water GHGs

37. Ethanol & GHGs © Imperial College London Page All figures for 2010+ PISI vehicles

39. Bio-refinery © Imperial College London Page

40. The flexible biorefinery © Imperial College London Page BM 1 Biofuel Chemicals Materials Heat & power Remediation BM 2 ………… . ………… . BM n Biomass class Biorefinery processes Products Ragauskas et al (2006)

41. Key research challenges © Imperial College London Page Process integration Novel biofuels Chemicals Efficient LC processing Biomass processability Biomass yield Genetics & breeding Plant engineering Process engineering Chemistry Combustion science Analytical technology ……… Environment, ecology …..

42. The Porter Institute and Porter Alliance © Imperial College London Page

43. The Porter Institute and Porter Alliance © Imperial College London Page Over 100 scientists, engineers, mathematicians and policy experts. Principal contributors: Tariq Ali , Michael Bevan, Mervyn Bibb, Iain Donnison, Thorsten Hamann, Yannis Hardalupas, Angela Karp , David Klug , Richard Lane ( Natural History Museum ), David Leak, Richard Murphy, Nilay Shah , Monique Simmonds ( Kew ), Alex Taylor, Gail Taylor ( Southampton ), Colin Turnbull, Tom Welton and Jeremy Woods

45. The sustainability matrix © Imperial College London Page Power generation Remediation Chemical Secondary biofuel Primary biofuel Secondary conversion Primary conversion Front end process Feedstock Process

46. The sustainability matrix © Imperial College London Page Process Energy balance Carbon balance Nitrogen flows Phosphorus flows Water demand Stress tolerance …… Ecological impacts Economics Social impacts Land usage issues Public acceptability Policy issues Regulation …… Score sheet Quantitative/’hard’….Quantitative/regional……….Variable/political/’soft’

47. Development of better “plants” © Imperial College London Page Ragauskas et al. Science, Vol 311, 484-489, Jan 2006 e.g. 1. increase expression of rate limiting enzymes to increase light energy capture 2. Increase Nitrogen metabolism

48. © Imperial College London Page New and Renewable Solar Routes to Hydrogen Announced in April 2007, start October 07 Five year, £4.2M programme To harvest solar energy to produce renewable and cost effective hydrogen as an alternative energy source . Biological and chemical solar driven methods (materials, reactors, systems) for producing hydrogen which can be used to operate fuel cells. Scientist and engineers from four Departments across Imperial.

49. Reverse engineering photosynthesis © Imperial College London Page Spinach LHCII–PSII supercomplex with fitted X-ray and cryo-EM structures “ Light Harvesting in Photosystem I Supercomplexes”, Melkozernov, Barber, Blankenship Biochemistry, 45 (2), 331 -345, 2006.

50. © Imperial College London Page Nuclear Energy Non-Fossil Energy ( Solar , Water, Wind) Fossil Energy Routes to Hydrogen Production Heat Mechanical Energy Electricity Electrolysis Thermolysis Biophotolysis Fermentation Biomass Chemical Conversion Carbon dioxide Hydrogen adapted and modified from J.A.Turner, Science 285, 687(1999) Photoelectrolysis

51. © Imperial College London Page Energy gap of 14TW by 2050! Combined area of black dots would provide total world energy demand

52. © Imperial College London Page Energy Futures Lab Systems Engineering Innovation and Technology Transfer Basic Science Functional materials development Chemistry Life Sciences Device scale up Reactor analysis, design, build and test Reactor modelling Engineering Reactor materials Biomimetic

53. Electricity grid of the future Robust Wide-Area Control Supported by ABB © Imperial College London Page A ±75 MVA Statcom at East Claydon in the NGT System Prototype Micro-Grid Supported by Supergen FutureNet

54. Integrated systems – multiscale modelling © Imperial College London Page

56. PSE clients © Imperial College London Page Americas (31%) Air Products BP Chemicals Dow Chemicals Honeywell INEOS UOP Johns Manville SQM United Technologies RC United Technologies Power Procter & Gamble Toyota Motor Company EMEA (33%) Acetate Products Arkema BP Chemicals BP Exploration BASF Bayer TS Cargil Cerestar ICI Uhde Inventa Fischer Linde Engineering S ü d-Chemie Wolff Cellulosics Atomic Weapons Estbl. Ceres Power FLS Automation Friesland Coberco GlaxoSmithKline Merck Nexia Solutions Nestle Voith APAC (36%) LG Chem Mitsubishi Chemical Organo Chemicals Taiyo Nippon Sanso Maruzen Petrochemical Samnam Petrochemical SK Corp AIST Kawasaki Heavy Industry Nissan Ebara Samsung SDI Sugar Australia Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Toyota Motor Company

57. © Imperial College London Page Spring – 5 intensive modules Autumn - 3 foundation courses + Distinguished Seminars Course Energy Systems Technology Energy Economics and Policy Urban Energy Systems Clean Fossil Fuels Low Carbon Technologies Energy Transmission and Storage Sustainable Transport Summer – Interdisciplinary Research Project Methods for Analysis of Energy Systems MSc in Sustainable Energy Futures Your energy future, today A New, Integrated, 1-yr Course 11 Departments in 3 Faculties Global issues, Whole systems, Sustainability Taught by leaders in energy research and industry For the next generation of energy leaders Applications now – start Oct 2007

59. Questions? www.imperial.ac.uk/energyfutureslab

60. © Imperial College London Page