Modern trends in automobile

SIES GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
SRI CHANDRASEKARENDRA SARASWATHY VIDYAPURAM
PLOT 1-C D & E, SECTOR V, NERUL
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
MODERN TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE
PREPARED SUBJECT OF
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS
SUBJECT INCHARGE
PROF. DR RAM BHISE
SUBMITTED BY:
NIKHILESH MANE - 218A6067
PRATHAMESH MOHOL - 218A6068
UMESH POL - 218A6077
SHANTANU THORAT - 218A6067
DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
October 2019
I

SIES GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “ MODERN TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE” is carried out by
following students of TE in I.T ENGINEERING.
Sr No PRN No Name
1. 218A6067 NIKHILESH MANE
2. 218A6068 PRATHMESH MOHOL
3. 218A6077 UMESH POL
4. 218A6079 SHANTANU THORAT
The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of term work under the subject entitled BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS of Third year of engineering MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from
the university of Mumbai during the academic year 2017-18.
LECTURE IN CHARGE / GUIDE Signature :
Name : Dr Ram Bhise
Date :
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Signature :
Name : Dr.R.S Nhete
Date :
II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the
course of this project report . I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism
and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and
illuminating views on a number of issues related to the topic.
I express my warm thanks to our HOD Dr R.S Nhete. I would also like to thank our respected BCE
faculty Mr Ram Bhise for guiding us and providing valuable information about completing the report . I
also give a special thanks to Mr Ajay Hundiwale, Mr Pradeep Patil, Mr Suraj Mane.
III

ABSTRACT
The report consists of the research on modern trends in automobile sector. The report also includes
all the relevant information of each trend.The trend that are covered are continuous variable
transmission (CVT), fuel cell drive, flying cars, amphibious vehicle.
Cvt is continuous variable transmission it is not new to the automobile sector but the growth of this
technology in the recent time is tremendous. The nissan, ford , toyota are the prime manufacturers in the
race of developing the 9-gear cvt engine.
Fuel cell drive bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven
wheels, sometimes augmented in a hybrid fashion with batteries or a supercapacitor. Amphibious
vehicle is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on water even under water. Amphibious vehicle
is a concept of vehicle having versatile usage
Flying cars is a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door
transportation by both ground and air. The term "flying car" is also sometimes used to include hover
cars. New car fuel economy latest analysis suggests that overall the global average fuel economy
improved on average by 1.6% a year between 2005 and 2013. This is significantly short of the 2.7%
annual rate of improvement needed to achieve the GFEI targets.
The trends are important for the growth of automobile sector.These trends can boost the sector in the
period of recession.The recent developments in these trends are described with the information from the
research papers and articles published by the manufacturers are also included in the report. The report
emphasises the need of these of this trend in today's world along with their effect on the global market.
IV

INDEX
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1 TITLE SHEET I
2 CERTIFICATE II
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
4 ABSTRACT IV
5 INTRODUCTION 1-2
6 OBJECTIVES 3-3
7 CHAPTER NO 1 - CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
TRANSMISSION
4-4
7.1 INTRODUCTION 5-5
7.2 DEVELOPMENTS TILL DATE 6-7
7.3 WORKING 8-9
7.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 9-9
7.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT 10-11
8 CHAPTER NO 2 - AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE 12-12
8.3 TYPES OF AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE 15-15
8.4 WORKING 16-16
8. CHAPTER NO 3 - FLYING CARS 20-20
8.3 WORKING 24-25

9 CHAPTER NO 4 - FUEL CELL DRIVE 29-29
9.3 WORKING 32-32
10 SURVEY RESULTS 34-35
11 SURVEY QUESTIONS 36-36
11 CONCLUSION 37-37
12 BIBLOGRAPHY 38-8

INTRODUCTION
Fig a) Trends developing the automobile sector
The word automobile is made up of two words I,e.auto and mobile. Auto is self propelled and mobile is
vehicles and meaning of these two words is self propelled vehicle. Today, the modern global automotive
industry encompasses the principal manufacturers, General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and
DaimlerChrysler, all of which operate in a global competitive marketplace. It is suggested that the
globalization of the automotive industry, has greatly accelerated during the last half of the 1990's due to the
construction of important overseas facilities and establishment of mergers between giant multinational
automakers.
Increasing global trade has enabled the growth in world commercial distribution systems, which has
also expanded global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers in
particular, have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U.S. manufacturing model, as
well as adapting and utilizing technology to enhance production and increase product competition. There
are many trends which are being developed or developed. In the development of a new vehicle,
major design criteria are defined due to fuel consumption, vehicle safety, crashworthiness, durability, ride
comfort, handling behaviors, ergonomics, aerodynamics and NVH concepts.This development is due to
globalisation and inventions in automobile sector. The competition on the prime manufacturers is also the
reason behind the growth of the trends. The prime trends which are the most talked about ones are cvt
continuous variable/variate transmission, fuel cell drive, flying cars, new fuel economy. The Cvt is
continuous variable transmission it is not new to the automobile but the trend is the reason for competition
in the prime automobile.
1

Flying cars is a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door
transportation by both ground and air. The flying car concept saw growth from 2008 after the technology
magazine popular science published ‘ Where's my flying car?’ on cover page .The term "flying car" is
also sometimes used to include hover cars.
New car fuel economy latest analysis suggests that overall the global average fuel economy
improved on average by 1.6% a year between 2005 and 2013. This is significantly short of the 2.7%
annual rate of improvement needed to achieve the GFEI targets.
The automotive future is electrified, autonomous, shared, connected and yearly updated.Our
mobility habits will change Personal and overall vehicle mileage will both increase .Vehicles will be
used more intensively. These effects are seen due to the growth of these trends in automobile sector . The
nissan, ford , toyota are the prime manufacturers in this race. Fuel cell drive is that process uses a
hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels.
Fig b) Modern automobile trends
2

OBJECTIVES
1) The objective of the research is to get knowledge about the new development in automobile sector.
2) To get acknowledge with changes in market of acknowledge.
3) To compare the technologies.
4) To get new information about the practical application of these trends.
5) Effect of these tends in development of automobile sector.
6) To get acquired with the demands of the automobile sector and the fulfilment of these demands by this
trends.
3

CHAPTER NO 1
CONTINIOUSLY VARIABLE
TRANSMISSION (CVT)
4

INTRODUCTION
A Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission which can change steplessly through an
infinite number of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values.
The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the input shaft to maintain a constant angular
velocity even as the output speed varies.One potential solution to this fuel economy dilemma is the
continuously variable transmission (CVT), an old idea that has only recently become a bastion of hope to
automakers.
Fig 1:1) CVT
The cvt has been around for more than a 100 years, but has only recently found its way into
automotive applications. The overwhelming majority of transmissions in road going vehicles are either
manual or conventional automatic in design. These transmissions use meshing gears that give discrete ratio
steps between engine and the vehicle speed. However, alternative designs exist that can transmit power and
simultaneously give a step less change of ratio; in other words a Continuously Variable Transmission.
Continuously Variable Transmission is a type of automatic transmission that provides an uninterrupted
range of speed ratios, unlike a normal transmission that provides only a few discrete ratios. But with the
introduction of improved materials, such as high density belts, advanced hydraulics and more recently, high
speed sensors and microprocessors, the stage was set for CVT’s rise in the automobile arena. Many small
tractors for home and garden use have simple rubber belt CVTs. For example, the John Deere Gator lines
of small utility vehicles use a belt with a conical pulley system. They can deliver an abundance of power
and can reach speeds of 10–15 mph (16–24 km/h), all without the need for a clutch or shifting gears.
Nearly all snowmobiles, old and new, and motor scooters use CVTs, typically the rubber belt/variable
pulley variety.
5

DEVELOPMENTS TILL DATE
● Leonardo da Vinci, in 1490, conceptualized a stepless continuously variable transmission. Milton
Reeves invented a variable-speed transmission for saw milling in 1879, which he applied to his first
car in 1896.In 1910, Zenith Motorcycles built a V-twin engined motorcycle with the Gradua-Gear,
which was a CVT.
● In 1912, the British motorcycle manufacturer Rudge-Whitworth built the Rudge Multigear. The Multi
was a much improved version of Zenith's Gradua-Gear.
● In automotive applications, CVTs have been around nearly as long as the cars themselves, and
certainly as long as conventional automatics.
● General Motors actually developed a fully toroidal CVT in the early 1930s and conducted extensive
testing before eventually deciding to implement a conventional, stepped-gear automatic due to cost
concerns.
● Many early CVTs used a simple rubber band and cone system, like the one developed by Dutch firm
Daf in 1958. Figure (1:4) – Variable Diameter Belt CVT From [1:4].
● However, the Daf CVT could only handle a 0.6 L engine, and problems with noise and rough starts
hurt its reputation. Uninspired by these early failures, automakers have largely avoided CVTs until
very recently, especially in the United States
● The 2009 SEAT Exeo is available with a CVT automatic transmission (multitronic) as an option for
the 2.0 TSI 200 hp (149 kW) petrol engine, with selectable 'six-speeds'.
● In 2010, the US Patent Office issued patent number 7,647,768 B1 for a series of hydraulic torque
converters that use hydraulic friction rather than mechanical friction as a CVT.
● Suzuki has used CVT since 2010 on their SX4 and Kizashi models.
● In 2016, FCA US LLC announced the 2017 Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivan which uses a CVT
instead of the 9-speed automatic found in gasoline versions.
● For the 2019 Toyota Corolla Hatchback Toyota created an all new CVT with a "launch gear" or a
physical 1st gear from a conventional automatic transmission alongside the CVT pulley.
6

Types of CVT
Push Belt CVT :-
This most common type of CVT uses segmented steel blocks stacked on a steel ribbon, as shown in
Figure (1:2). This belt transmits power between two conical pulleys, or sheaves, one fixed and one
movable. With a belt drive a sensor reads the engine output and then electronically increases or decreases
the distance between pulleys, and thus the tension of the drive belt. The continuously changing distance
between the pulley and their ratio to one another is analogous to shifting gears. Push-belt CVTs were first
developed decades ago, but new advances in belt design have recently drawn the attention of automakers
worldwide
Fig 1:2) Metal push belt CVT
Toroidal Traction-Drive :-
These transmissions use the high shear strength of viscous fluids to transmit torque between an input
torus and an output torus. As the movable torus slides linearly, the angle of a roller changes relative to shaft
position, as seen in Figure (1:3). This results in a change in gear ratio.
Fig 1:3) Toroidal CVT
7

Variable Diameter Elastomer Belt CVT :-
This type of CVT, as represented in Figure (1:4), uses a flat, flexible belt mounted on movable
supports. These supports can change radius and thus gear ratio. However, the supports separate at high
gear ratios to form a discontinuous gear path, as seen in Figure (1:3). This can lead to problems with creep
and slip that have plagued CVTs for years. This inherent flaw has directed research and development
toward push belt CVTs.
Fig 1:4) Variable diameter belt CVT
Other CVT Varieties Several other types of CVTs have been developed over the course of automotive
history, but these have become less prominent than push belt and toroidal CVTs. A nutating traction drive
uses a pivoting, conical shaft to change “gears” in a CVT. As the cones change angle, the inlet radius
decreases while the outlet radius increases, or vice versa, resulting in an infinitely variable gear ratio.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A CVT
● A Continuously Variable Transmission operates by varying the working diameters of the two main
pulleys in the transmission.
Fig 1:5) working of CVT
8

● The pulleys have V-shaped grooves on which the connecting belt is mounted. One side of the pulley is
fixed; the other side is moveable, operated by a hydraulic actuator. The hydraulic actuator can increase
or decrease the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley.
● This makes the belt to ride lower or higher along the inner walls of the pulley, depending on driving
conditions, thereby changing the gear ratio. This action is infinitely variable with no “steps” in
between. Thus a CVT can maintain the engine in its optimum rpm range, in turn boosting the
efficiency and gas Mileage.
● As explained above the two pulley widths are adjusted by oil pressure in the hydraulic actuator which
responds to position of the throttle, speed, and other conditions, which are sensed by microprocessors
& other sensors.
ADVANTAGES OF CVT
1. CVTs provide unlimited gear ratios and improved performance.
2. Pulleys and a belt inside the CVT seamlessly change the gear ratios without any “shift shock” or delay.
3. The infinite ratios help in maintaining a steady cruising speed, reducing the fuel emissions and thus
improve fuel economy.
4. The 2012 model of the Honda Jazz sold in the UK actually claims marginally better fuel consumption
for the CVT version than the manual version.
LIMITATION
1. CVTs use steel metal belts, which have less torque transmitting capacity and thus a CVT cannot be
used in heavy vehicles. Its application is limited to small vehicles.
2. Friction between the belt and the pulley causes greater wear.
3. The transmission fluid is a little expensive.
9

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT.
●Automakers suddenly have jumped feet-first into continuously variable transmission development, and
now the race is on to see who can make the most of this.
● Nissan is the world's first automaker to bring the unique, "toroidal" CVT to production,Nissan calls its unit
Extroid CVT; it is fitted as optional equipment in the company's rear-drive Cedric. That car is equipped
with a turbocharged version of the 3L DOHC "VQ" V-6, which produces 276 hp and 286 lb.-ft. (388 Nm)
of torque.
Fig 1:5) nissan toroidal cvt
●Toyota has striven to reduce mechanical loss, adopt a wider gear range, and improve shift tracking
Fig 1:6) toyota cvt 18
Performance of toyota cvt 18
High transmission efficiency and enhanced fuel economy, Realization of best-in-class* shift speed
ratio spread and a 6% improvement in fuel efficiency. Shift performance equal or greater than DCTs
produced by other companies
●The newly developed pushbelt combines enhancements in fuel efficiency and power density in a recently
released transmission where it supports the world's largest CVT ratio coverage of 8.7
10

●New technology of DCT is gaining rapidly market share from conventional torque converter planetary
automatic transmissions (ATX) and CVT. Main reasons are faster and multiple gear changes, wider
ratio-spread and fuel economy.
●According to the survey conducted by the Iinterm (4) Automotive on ‘ FUTURE TRENDS OF
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE (CVT)’ the survey result was that 75% automotive experts have their
opinion that CVT has great future and has already captured 65% of the market.
●Bosch remains positive about the North American market and has been investigating the geometry of its
variator pulleys for CVTs.
● According to the report by Rajeev Singh, Partner, Deloitte Indian the share of automatics in India was
less than 5 per cent three years ago in passenger vehicles. Industry experts believe that this technology has
the potential to account for as much as 60 per cent of the total market in the next five years (2023-24).
●continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) have become more and more common in both on- and
off-highway applications in recent years.
●IHS Automotive Supplier Business Transmissions Report are predicting global CVT
●Continuously Variable Transmission. An automatic transmission that replaces conventional gear ratios
with a chain or belt and a system that adjusts diameters on either side of two pulleys to generate seamless
transitions of speed and torque.
●According to the results provided by Lubrizol additives 360 the production of cvt assist cars is to be reach
to 11 million units a year by 2017, up from 7 million in 2012. Japan and Korea are expected to lead the
way here, closely followed by North America, China and South Asia.
●A further important innovation in CVT technology is the smaller Jatco CVT7. Aimed at mini and
mid-range vehicles, this transmission incorporates an auxiliary two-speed planetary gear set to broaden the
effective ratio span of the CVT’s variator belt. The benefits are lower weight and smaller package space, a
much wider ratio span and significantly improved fuel economy.
11

CHAPTER NO 2
AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE
12

INTRODUCTION
Amphibious vehicle is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on water even under water.
Amphibious vehicle is a concept of vehicle having versatile usage. It can be put forward for the
commercialization purpose with respect to various applications like in the field of military and rescue
operations.
The one of the type of amphibious vehicle is hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or
ACV, is an amphibious craft capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces.
It use blowers to produce a large volume of air below the hull (air cushion) that is slightly above
atmospheric pressure. The pressure difference between the higher pressure air below the hull and lower
pressure ambient air above it produces lift, which causes the hull to float above the running surface. For
stability reasons, the air is typically blown through slots or holes around the outside of a disk- or
oval-shaped platform, giving most hovercraft a characteristic rounded-rectangle shape.
Fig 2:1 ) LARC-V 5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle Fig 2:2) A Formula 1 racing hovercraft
Fig 2:3) Alligator tug Bonnechere, 1950
13

●Earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the
Neapolitan polymath was built in June 1887.
●In the late 1920s, the efforts to unify a boat and an automobile mostly came down to simply putting
wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling chassis to float by blending a boat-like hull with the
car's frame.
●The first was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA) it was a
three-wheeler
●The first Gibbs fast amphibian is the Quadski, introduced in October 2012. It went on sale in January
2013. Iguana Yachts, a French company created in 2008, has developed amphibious motorboats featuring
all-terrain tracks.
●Sealegs Amphibious Craft, a three-wheeled amphibious boat designed in New Zealand, has been in
production since 2005.
●In 2010, a Southern California-based company named WaterCar, set the Guinness World Record for
Fastest Amphibious Vehicle, with their prototype, The Python, which reached top land speeds of 204
km/h (127 mph) and water speeds of 96 km/h (60 mph; 52 knots)
●Then, the company launched their first commercial vehicle, The Panther, which has been featured on
ABC's The Bachelor as well as USA's Royal Pains. The WaterCar can do 80 mph (129 km/h) on land,
and 44 mph (38 knots; 71 km/h) on sea, and can transition from land to sea in less than 15 seconds.
Fig 2:4) Amphibious tour bus - a converted DUKW - on the Thames river in London.
14

TYPES OF AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE
Amphibious cycle :-
An amphibious cycle is a human-powered vehicle capable of operation on both land and water.
"Saidullah's Bicycle"[13]
uses four rectangular air filled floats for buoyancy, and is propelled using two fan
blades which are attached to the spoke
Gibbs Sports Amphibians Inc. introduced a motorized version of the amphibious cycle that resembles
a jet ski on water and motorcycle on land. The model can reach up to 80 mph by land and 45 mph by water.
Fig 2:5)Gibbs Sports Amphibians Quadski
Amphibious automobile :-
The most proliferous was the German Schwimmwagen, a small jeep-like 4x4 vehicle designed by the
Porsche engineering firm in 1942 used in World War II.
The Southern California-based company, WaterCar, founded by Dave March, has also built four working
amphibious prototypes, one which holds the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Amphibious
Vehicle (The Python).
Fig 2:6) the python
Tanks :-
In 1969, the U.S. Army rushed the new M551 Sheridan to Vietnam.During the Cold War, the Swedish
Stridsvagn 103 main battle tank carried flotation gear all the time and was, therefore, theoretically, always
amphibious. Fig 2:7) Polish PT-76 amphibious light tank
15

WORKING OF AMPHIBIOUS CAR
The common working of amphibious vehicle
● Under the hood, it requires a car’s engine and which is covered with hull which provides streamline
structure and reduces the drag while on water.
● Hydraulic retractable wheels which are pulled above to reduce drag.
● The vehicle was driven by the engine on land and on water the power is transferred to jet through the
transfer case.
● The accumulation of additional water in the bottom is removed by a pair of bilge pump one under
engine another one under the front hood.
● During reverse nozzle on a water jet moves downward.
Fig 2:8) Working of amphibious vehicle
16

ADVANTAGES
1) It can be use short transportation place which is water occupied.
2) It can be used in water logging areas.
3) Best for fast transportation for civilians during floods.
4) Useful for the military operations.
5) They can be used to good amount of load even the military personnel.
6) They are more resistant to water leakage.
LIMITATION
1) There can be limitations as to the depth of the water.
2) They is speed limit.
3) They cannot be used for chasing purpose.
4) They may consume more fuel as compared to boats due to weight and low speed.
5) If the engine gets damage then it may cause severe problems.
17

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
● Article published by Market watch published on May 3, 2019-
● Global Amphibious Vehicle market size will reach xx million US$ by 2025, from xx million US$
in 2018, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period. In this study, 2018 has been considered as
the base year and 2019-2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Amphibious
Vehicle. This report studies Global Amphibious Vehicle in Global market, especially in North
America, China, Europe, Southeast Asia, Japan and India with production, revenue, consumption,
import and export in these regions, from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
● Another report suggested by CISION PR news Based on application, the excavation segment of
the amphibious vehicles market is projected to witness high growth from 2017 to 2022.
● Break-up of profile of primary participants in the amphibious vehicles market:
• By Company Type - Tier 1 – 35%, Tier 2 – 45%, and Tier 3 – 20%
• By Designation – C Level – 35%, Director Level – 25%, and Others – 40%
• By Region – North America - 45%, Europe – 20%, Asia-Pacific – 30%, and RoW – 5%
● Major companies profiled in this report include BAE Systems (U.K.), General Dynamics
Corporation (U.S.), Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.), and Rheinmetall AG (Germany), among
others.
United States Marine Corps is set to announce the final new Amphibious Combat Vehicle, or ACV.
Fig 2:9) US developed ACV19.
18

In 2108 U.S. Marines from the 1st Battalion 4th Marine Division USS Dubuque LPD 8 is recent developed
amphibious assault. Fig 2:9) USS Dubuque LPD 8 amphibious assault
Goa-based s Pvt Ltd (ADI) has joined hands with Automobile Corporation of Goa Ltd (ACGL) to
manufacture amphibious vehicles that were earlier imported from foreign markets.
The manufacturer MAN built amphibious vehicle capable of moving both on land and on water, built on a
MAN truck chassis and propelled by a six-cylinder MAN engine with 280 hp power.
Fig 2:11) MAN built hafen city river bus
19

INTRODUCTION
A flying car is a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door
transportation by both ground and air. The term "flying car" is also sometimes used to include hover
cars.
Many prototypes have been built since the first years of the twentieth century using a variety of
flight technologies and some have true VTOL performance, but no flying car has yet reached production
status.
These days flying cars have some form of oversize drone developed which can a person or two.The
idea of flying car gain momentum after the popular magazine Popular Science published article of
flying cars on the cover page.
Fig 3:1) Popular science cover page
21

In 1926, Henry Ford displayed an experimental single-seat aeroplane that he called the "sky flivver".
The project was abandoned two years later when a distance-record attempt flight crashed, killing the
pilot.n 1942, the Soviet armed forces experimented with a gliding tank, the Antonov A-40, but it was not
capable of flying on its own.The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in
December 1949, and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests.
Fig 3:2) Antonov A-40
In the period between 1956-1958, Ford's Advanced Design studio built the Volante Tri-Athodyne, a
3/8 scale concept car model. It was designed to have three ducted fans, each with their own motor, that
would lift it off the ground and move it through the air. In public relation release,
Fig 3:3) 1958 Volante Tri-Athodyne
In 1957, Popular Mechanics reported that Hiller Helicopters was developing a ducted-fan aircraft that
would be easier to fly than helicopters, and should cost a lot less.
In 1956, the US Army's Transportation Research Command began an investigation into "flying
jeeps"ducted-fan-based aircraft that were envisioned to be smaller and easier to fly than helicopters. In
1957, Chrysler, Curtiss-Wright, and Piasecki were assigned contracts for building and delivery of
prototypes.
22

They all delivered their prototypes; however, Piasecki's VZ-8 was the most successful of the
three.Piasecki was developing the Sky Car, a modified version of its VZ-8 for civilian use.
Fig 3:4) VZ-8
In the mid-1980s, former Boeing engineer, Fred Barker, founded Flight Innovations Inc. and began
the development of the Sky Commuter, a small duct fans-based VTOL aircraft. It was a compact,
14-foot-long (4.3 m) two-passenger and was made primarily of composite materials. In 2008, the
remaining prototype was sold for £86k on eBay
Fig 3:5) VTOL aircraft
23

WORKING ASPECTS
Modern personal air vehicle will need to have the following modified features:-
Engines-
These engines should have enough horsepower to lift the vehicle into the air and at the same time, be
capable of providing controlled power for the vehicle to move on the road. The flying car will need to
have an extra engine, if there is an engine failure during a flight.
Aircraft Propellers-
Because the vehicle will be flying, it will obviously need the propellers (aircraft blades and wings)
found on every aircraft. But as these wings will not be needed on the roads (obviously), they will have to
be either easily detachable or foldable.
Landing Gear-
To land the flying car on the ground, it will have to be fitted with the essentials found in the cockpit of
a normal aircraft. It would have to be able to take the impact from the road and be able to balance itself to
be used on the road.
Material-
Needless to say, a flying car will have to be lightweight, yet have adequate ground mobility. While on
the roads, a vehicle is more likely to be damaged but a slight damage on an aircraft can prove to be
dangerous. So the material used in a flying car should be both light and strong.
Design-
A road vehicle needs greater flexibility than an aircraft. An aircraft needs to be aerodynamically
designed for better flight. The conclusion? A flying car should be small enough to fit on the road and big
enough to fly. The requirements increase if the said personal air vehicle has to be parked in a house
garage!
24

Fuel-
If the oil crisis of the 90's hadn't occurred, Ford Motors would have marketed the world's first flying
car (Fulton's Aerocar), at that time. The point here is, with the increase in fuel prices and decreased
availability of fuels, a flying car will have to be run on eco-friendly, safe and inexpensive fuel, for better
success in the market.
Safety Features-
The reason aircraft manufacturers haven't invested much in trying to offer low-cost private aircraft has
probably got to do something with safety issues related to flight. Air accidents are more dangerous and
fatal than road accidents. So if the inventors of a flying car are aiming at the market of the masses, they
will have to make it safe. For that, they will have to include features like safety cages, air bags, parachutes
and/or crush zones, etc., (yes, they will still have to watch their flying car's weight!) in a personal air
vehicle.
Flight Assistance-
Add to that, the stringent rules laid by FAA for any pilot license and you have a major problem for
companies that want to produce personal air vehicles. One way to avoid this is by making the vehicle fully
computer controlled.
Fig 3:6) Example Schematic representation of flying car
25

ADVANTAGES
● Offers door-to-door transportation by both ground & air
● Fuel efficient
● Useful in emergency cases.
● Environmentally friendly.
● Provides comfort
● Saves time.
DISADVANTAGES
● Weather may restrict the use.
● Air traffic jams.
● Propulsion issue.
● expensive .
● noise .
26

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND EFFECT OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS
As of 2016, AeroMobil was test-flying a prototype that obtained Slovak ultralight certification. When
the final product will be available or how much it will cost is not yet specified.[8]
In 2018, it unveiled a
concept that resembled a flying sports car with VTOL capability.
Terrafugia have a flying road vehicle, the Terrafugia Transition On 7 May 2013, Terrafugia announced
the TF-X, a plug-in hybrid tilt-rotor vehicle that would be the first fully autonomous flying car. The
SkyRider X2R is a prototype of a flying car developed by MACRO Industries, Inc. It is lighter than the
Moller Skycar which has never successfully flown untethered.
Fig 3:7) Terrafugia TF-X
Also notable is the roadable aircraft PAL-V Liberty, which is an autogyro or gyrocopter that can be
taken to the road, too. Flying cars were planned to enter Russian market in 2018.
Ride-sharing giant Uber is working on the electric eCRM-003 eVTOL, with first tests expected by
2020, and very limited UberAir service trials by 2023.
Fig 3:8) Uber’s CRM-003 eVTOL
The new study, the first comprehensive sustainability assessment of VTOLs, looked at the energy
use, greenhouse gas emissions, and time savings of VTOLs compared to ground-based passenger cars.
Although VTOLs produce zero emissions during flight, their batteries require electricity generated at
power plants.
27

The researchers found that for trips of 100 kilometers (62 miles), a fully loaded VTOL carrying a pilot
and three passengers had lower greenhouse gas emissions than ground-based cars with an average vehicle
occupancy of 1.54. Several aerospace corporations and startup companies—Airbus, Boeing, Joby
Aviation, and Lilium, for example—and agencies such as NASA have developed VTOL prototypes.
Mr. Mikami referred to a study by Uber that envisages the company rolling out 1,000 flying cars across
50 cities worldwide by 2030. These would cruise at speeds of about 250 km per hour, at an altitude of
1,000 to 2,000 feet, and could travel about 100 km on a single charge.
According to the study report by Geekwire - The market for autonomous flying cars — also known as
eVTOL aircraft, air taxis or personal air vehicles — could amount to nearly $1.5 trillion by the year 2040,
according to an in-depth analysis from Morgan Stanley Research.
Flying cars have reached the market such as the X-M2, M200X, and M400. They are developed &
manufactured by the Canadian genius Paul Moller.
28

CHAPTER NO 4
FUEL CELL DRIVE
29

INTRODUCTION
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of electric vehicle which uses a
fuel cell, instead of a battery, or in combination with a battery or supercapacitor, to power its on-board
electric motor.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell
"stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an
electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles combine the range and refueling of conventional cars with the recreational
and environmental benefits of driving on electricity.
Like other EVs, fuel cell cars and trucks can employ idle-off, which shuts down the fuel cell at stop
signs or in traffic. In certain driving modes, regenerative braking is used to capture lost energy and charge
the battery.
Fuel cells have been used in various kinds of vehicles including forklifts, especially in indoor
applications where their clean emissions are important to air quality, and in space applications. The first
commercially produced hydrogen fuel cell automobile, the Hyundai Tucson FCEV, was introduced in
2013, Toyota Mirai followed in 2015 and then Honda entered the market. Fuel cells are also being
developed and tested in trucks, buses, boats, motorcycles and bicycles, among other kinds of vehicles.
Fig 4:1) Fuel cell drive Fig 4:2) Hyundai Tucson FCEV
30

DEVELOPMENT TILL DATE
The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by Humphry Davy in 1801, but the invention of
the first working fuel cell is credited to William Grove, a chemist, lawyer, and physicist.
The first modern fuel cell vehicle was a modified Allis-Chalmers farm tractor, fitted with a 15
kilowatt fuel cell, around 1959.In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road vehicle, the
Chevrolet Electrovan.
Fig 4:1) Chevrolet Electrovan
It had a PEM fuel cell, a range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph.By the 1990s, automobile
manufacturers were interested in fuel cell applications, and demonstration vehicles were readied.
In 2001, the first 700 Bar (10000 PSI) hydrogen tanks were demonstrated, reducing the size of the
fuel tanks that could be used in vehicles and extending the range.
In 1980 US navy use fuel cell in the submarine. In 2006 Honda launched the FCX clarity fuel cell
electric vehicle.
Fig 4:2) Honda FCX clarity fuel cell electric vehicle
31

WORKING
Fuel cell system: A fuel cell is an energy conversion technology that allows the energy stored in
hydrogen to be converted back into electrical energy for end use. In a fuel cell vehicle, an electric drive
system, which consists of a traction inverter, electric motor and transaxle, converts the electricity
generated by the fuel cell system to traction power.
Energy storage system: Energy storage systems are generally based on battery (Lithium-ion battery )
packs and/or ultra-capacitors (generally up to 100 kW). Maximum power output and storage capacity
vary depending on hybrid architecture.The batteries are usually located on top of the roof of the bus
Hydrogen storage system: Gaseous hydrogen serves as the fuel. It is stored in compressed gas tanks
Wheel drive: The electric motor can be either a single main motor or hub–mounted (where the motor is
designed within the wheel). The bus may be equipped with a central traction system which will be
located at the left hand side in the rear of the bus. The rear axle has 2 wheel hub motors
Cooling system: While running hydrogen through a fuel cell, water is of course being produced. Some
of it becomes steam and leaves the system quite easily, as seen at the steam vent at the back of the bus.
Yet, because PEM cells are sensitive to high heat the cell stacks must be cooled down.
Auxiliaries: The auxiliary components in the FCB may be driven electrically. This means that they
operate only on demand and are not driven continuously. These solutions are typical for FCB based on
hybrid concept.
Fig 4:3) Key components of the fuel cell hybrid bus
32

ADVANTAGES
● High level of energy efficiency.
● Emissions from a hydrogen fuel cell are virtually zero.
● Reduce the risk of chemical exposure by using hydrogen fuel cells.
● Energy flexibility
● Effective method of energy storage.
DISADVANTAGES
● Hydrogen fuel cells do not work in every situation
● cost to store hydrogen is expensive
● transportation losses
● Low Reliability
● Low Durability
33

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT
● The Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) has manufactured 7 hydrogen buses in 2019
Fig 4:4) SARTA HFC Bus
● Toyota began in Japan production and sales of hydrogen fuel cell buses called Sora that share
technology with the Mirai.
● Toyota announced that just over 100 units will be delivered in the Tokyo metropolitan area by 2020 for
the Olympic Games
Fig 4:5) Toyota ‘SORA’ Hydrogen fuel bus
● London will have the world’s first hydrogen-powered doubledecker buses on its streets next year, as the
capitol steps up attempts to tackle its polluted air.
● Transport for London (TfL) has ordered 20 of the buses, which cost around £500,000 each and only emit
water as exhaust.
● Tata Motors and IndianOil Corporation will carry out testing on the new Tata Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus
for about two years before taking further decisions. A hydrogen fuel cell engine only produces water and
heat as a byproduct.
Fig 4:6) TATA proposed model of HFC
● According to the report by Gens Auto 2019 - The fuel cell electric bus is an all electric zero
emission solution that offers an operation close to that of a diesel bus and hence is marketed as
the closest like for like zero emission option to replace diesel In assessing the environmental
benefits of fuel cell vehicles, the analysis of the full fuel cycles, i.e. from cradle to grave, in this case
from bore hole to tailpipe, is of major importance.
34

SURVEY REPORT
The survey was conducted to get to acquire with the knowledge of students about these trends in auto
sector.
The responses of the survey are following along with questions asked in the survey.

SURVEY QUESTIONS
The trends/ recent development in automobile sector?
what is CVT ?
what is amphibious vehicle?
what is fuel cell drive?
what is term 'Flying car'
what effect thus this trends would have on automobile sector?
36

CONCLUSION
The automobile sector is growing day by day. New developments are taking place. This resulted in
competition between the leading auto manufacturers. The market is witnessing new trends. The trends are
changing the market and helping the auto sector to increase its share.
The trends like CVT, Fuel cell drive, Amphibious vehicle, Flying cars are shaping the auto sector,
these trends are environment friendly and fulfill the requirements of the today’s generation.
The report gives a brief idea of what are actually these trends. Their specifications, advantage ,
disadvantage. Along with the development and effect of these developments on the market. The survey
included gives the idea of the trends knowledge in today's generation.
We thank all those who helped us in making this report.
37

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-are-the-future-wan-gang/article2
7900421.ece
HYDROGEN-FUELED BUSES: THE BAVARIAN FUEL CELL BUS PROJECT - Christian Gruber,
MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Munich
MODERN TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CIVIL AVIATION - by B. Ramana, B.S.Sastry
https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news
https://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/zf-edrive-system-equipped-in-fuel-cell-bus-41835
https://www.fuelcellbuses.eu/history-fuel-cell-buses/3emotion-2015-2019
http://ieahydrogen.org/pdfs/Case-Studies/bavarian_proj.aspx
https://futureofworking.com/10-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-hydrogen-fuel-cells/
https://www.slideshare.net/sam6636/flying-car-63418876
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7420801?denied=
https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial-vehicle/mhcv/gadkaris-dream-amphibious-b
us
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) - Ms. Tanvi Dilip Challirwar
38

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