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Sql xp 05
1.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Objectives In this lesson, you will learn to: Create tables Insert rows into tables Delete tables Create user-defined datatype List various types of data integrity Add the following constraints to tables: PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 1 of 52
2.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.D.1 Creating a Table The details about a newspaper that publishes advertisements for Tebisco, Inc. have to be stored in the Recruitment database. Attributes Data Newspaper Code 0001 Newspaper Name Texas Times Region Texas Type of Newspaper General Contact Person Jackson Demello HO Address 4723 West Alabama City Houston State Texas Zip 77015-4568 Country Code 001 Fax (713)451-6797 Phone (713)451-6850 ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 2 of 52
3.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Task List Draft the statement to create a table Create the table in the database Check whether the table has been created Insert a row into the table ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 3 of 52
4.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Draft the statement to create a table Tables: A table is a database object used to store data Data in a table is organized in rows and columns Each row in a table represents a unique record and each column represents an attribute of the record The CREATE TABLE Statement: Is used to create a table Syntax CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name datatype [NULL | NOT NULL] [IDENTITY (SEED,INCREMENT)], column_name datatype …) [ON {filegroup} | DEFAULT] Result: The name of the table to be created is Newspaper ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 4 of 52
5.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Create the table in the database Action In the Query Analyzer window, type the given CREATE TABLE statement CREATE TABLE NewsPaper (cNewsPaperCode char(4) NOT NULL, cNewsPaperName char(20) NOT NULL, vRegion varchar(20), vTypeOfNewsPaper varchar(20), vContactPerson varchar(35), vHOAddress varchar(35), ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 5 of 52
6.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Create the table in the database (Contd.) cCity char(20), cState char(20), cZip char(10), cCountryCode char(3), cFax char(15), cPhone char(15)) Press F5 to execute the statement ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 6 of 52
7.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Check whether the table has been created You can use the sp_help command to view the structure of the table Syntax sp_help table_name Action: ® In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help Newspaper ® Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 7 of 52
8.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Insert a row into the table The INSERT Statement After the table structure has been created, data can be inserted into the table. You can insert data into the table by using the INSERT command Syntax INSERT [INTO] table_name [column_list] VALUES (values_list) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 8 of 52
9.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Insert a row into the table (Contd.) Action: In the Query Analyzer, type the INSERT statement given below: INSERT Newspaper VALUES('0001', 'Texas Times', 'Texas', 'General', 'Jackson Demello', '4723 West Alabama', 'Houston', 'Texas', '77015-4568', '001', '(713)451-6797', '(713)451-6850') Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 9 of 52
10.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.P.1 Creating a Table You want to store the details about the colleges that Tebisco, Inc. visits for recruitment. A sample row is given below: Attribute Data College Code 0002 College Name Cromwell College College Address 4010 Gartner Ave City Abilene State Texas Zip 79605-4123 Phone (915)692-6628 The college code and name cannot be left blank. ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 10 of 52
11.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.D.2 Deleting a Table Remove the Newspaper table from the database. ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 11 of 52
12.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Task List Draft the statement to remove a table from the database Remove the Newspaper table from the database Verify that the table has been removed from the database ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 12 of 52
13.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Draft the statement to remove a table from the database The DROP TABLE Statement Used to remove the table from the database Syntax DROP TABLE table_name Result: The statement to remove the Newspaper table is: DROP TABLE Newspaper ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 13 of 52
14.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Remove the Newspaper table from the database Action In the Query Analyzer window, type: DROP TABLE Newspaper Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 14 of 52
15.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Verify that the table has been removed from the database Type the following command to view the table structure: sp_help Newspaper Action In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help Newspaper Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 15 of 52
16.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Just a Minute… Draft the statement to remove the College table from the database. ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 16 of 52
17.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity User-Defined Datatypes Creating a User-Defined Datatype A user-defined datatype is created using the sp_addtype system stored procedure Syntax sp_addtype name, [system_data_type] [, 'null_type'] ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 17 of 52
18.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity User-Defined Datatypes (Contd.) Dropping a User-Defined Datatype A user-defined datatype can be dropped using the sp_droptype system stored procedure Syntax sp_droptype type ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 18 of 52
19.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.D.3 Creating User-defined Datatypes The NewsAd and the Newspaper tables do not have the same datatype for the cNewspaperCode attribute. Create a user-defined datatype called typNewspaperCode that can be used to create the NewsAd and the Newspaper table. Create the NewsAd table in which the newspaper code is of typNewspaperCode datatype. ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 19 of 52
20.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Task List Identify the inconsistency in the table structures Identify the system-defined datatype that can be converted to a user-defined datatype Identify the name for the user-defined datatype Create a user-defined datatype Verify that the datatype has been created Create the NewsAd table with the new datatype ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 20 of 52
21.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Identify the inconsistency in the table structures User-defined datatypes Can be used to remove the inconsistency in table structures which arises when two attributes that should have the same system datatype use different system datatypes. Result: The cNewspaperCode attribute in the Newspaper table is of datatype char(4). The cNewspaperCode attribute in the NewsAd table is of datatype varchar(2). The datatype and the length of both these attributes are different. This gives rise to inconsistency in the table structure. ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 21 of 52
22.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Identify the system-defined datatype that can be converted to a user-defined datatype Result: The system-defined datatype of both attributes should be char(4) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 22 of 52
23.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Identify the name for the user-defined datatype The name of the datatype can be prefixed with the letters 'typ' for identifying the user-defined datatype Result: Name for the user-defined datatype is typNewspaperCode ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 23 of 52
24.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Create a user-defined datatype Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_addtype typNewspaperCode, 'char(4)' Execute the query by clicking the Execute Query button ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 24 of 52
25.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Verify that the datatype has been created The sp_help system stored procedure gives specific information about the object specified Syntax sp_help datatype_name Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help typNewspaperCode Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 25 of 52
26.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Create the table NewsAd with the new datatype Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: CREATE TABLE NewsAd ( cNewsAdNo char(4) NOT NULL, cNewspaperCode typNewspaperCode NOT NULL, dAdStartDate datetime, dDeadline datetime ) Press F5 to execute ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 26 of 52
27.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Data Integrity Data integrity ensures the consistency and correctness of data stored in a database. It is broadly classified into the following four categories: Entity integrity Domain integrity Referential integrity User-defined integrity Entity Integrity Ensures that each row can be uniquely identified by an attribute called the primary key ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 27 of 52
28.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Data Integrity (Contd.) Domain Integrity Ensures that only a valid range of values is allowed to be stored in a column Referential Integrity Ensures that the values of the foreign key match with the value of the corresponding primary key User-Defined Integrity Refers to a set of rules specified by a user, which do not belong to the entity, domain, and referential integrity categories ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 28 of 52
29.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Just a Minute... Which integrity ensures that the values in the foreign key match with the value of the corresponding primary key? ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 29 of 52
30.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints Constraints are created to ensure data integrity Constraints define rules that must be followed to maintain consistency and correctness of data A constraint can either be created at the time of creating a table or can be added later Constraints can be enforced at two levels: Column level Table level ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 30 of 52
31.
Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) A constraint can be created using either of the following statements: CREATE TABLE statement CREATE TABLE table_name column_name CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type [,CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type] ALTER TABLE statement ALTER TABLE table_name [WITH CHECK | WITH NOCHECK] ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 31 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) Dropping Constraints A constraint can be dropped using the ALTER TABLE statement in the Query Analyzer Syntax ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 32 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) Types of Constraints The PRIMARY KEY Constraint ® Isdefined on a column or a set of columns whose values uniquely identify rows in a table ® Ensures entity integrity Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED](col_name [, col_name [, col_name [, …]]])] ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 33 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) The UNIQUE Constraint ® Is used to enforce uniqueness on non-primary key columns ® Multiple UNIQUE constraints can be created on a table Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE [CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED](col_name [, col_name [, col_name [, …]]]) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 34 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) The FOREIGN KEY Constraint ® Is used to remove the inconsistency in two tables when data in one table depends on data in another table Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (col_name [, col_name [, …]]) REFERENCES table_name (column_name [, column_name [, …]])] ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 35 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) The CHECK Constraint ® Enforces domain integrity by restricting the values to be inserted in a column Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint name] CHECK (expression) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 36 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Creating Constraints (Contd.) The DEFAULT Constraint ® It is used to assign a constant value to a column ® Only one DEFAULT constraint can be created for a column ® The column cannot be an IDENTITY column Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] DEFAULT (constant_expression | NULL) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 37 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Just a Minute… Which constraint enforces domain integrity by restricting the value to be inserted in a column? ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 38 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.D.4 Using Constraints The Newspaper and NewsAd tables have been finalized. Create the Newspaper table with the following data integrity rules: The cNewspaperCode attribute should be the primary key The cPhone attribute should be of the format ([0-9][0-9] [0-9])[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]) The cCountryCode attribute should be 001 by default Modify the NewsAd table as specified below: cNewsAdNo should be the primary key cNewspaperCode should be the foreign key ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 39 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Task List Identify how to enforce data integrity Draft the statement to create a table Create the table with constraints Verify constraints by inserting data ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 40 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Identify how to enforce data integrity You can enforce data integrity by using constraints Result: For the Newspaper table: ® The phone number format can be given using the CHECK constraint ® Thecountry code can be given using the DEFAULT constraint ® Thenewspaper code can be made the primary key using the PRIMARY KEY constraint ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 41 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Identify how to enforce data integrity (Contd.) For the NewsAd table: ® ThecNewsAdNo column can be made the primary key using the PRIMARY KEY constraint ® The cNewspaperCode attribute can be made the foreign key using the FOREIGN KEY constraint ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 42 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Draft the statement to create a table Result: The command to create the Newspaper table would be as follows: CREATE TABLE Newspaper (cNewspaperCode typNewspaperCode CONSTRAINT pkNewspaperCode PRIMARY KEY, cNewspaperName char(20) NOT NULL, vRegion varchar(20), vTypeOfNewspaper varchar(20), vContactPerson varchar(35), vHOAddress varchar(35), ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 43 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Draft the statement to create a table (Contd.) cCity char(20), cState char(20), cZip char(10), cCountryCode char(3) CONSTRAINT defCountryCode DEFAULT(‘001’), cFax char(15), cPhone char(15) CONSTRAINT chkPhone CHECK(cPhone LIKE('([0-9][0-9][0-9])[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0- 9][0-9][0-9]'))) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 44 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Draft the statement to create a table(Contd.) The commands to modify the NewsAd table would be as follows: ALTER TABLE NewsAd ADD CONSTRAINT pkNewsAdNo PRIMARY KEY (cNewsAdNo) ALTER TABLE NewsAd ADD CONSTRAINT fkNewspaperCode FOREIGN KEY (cNewspaperCode) REFERENCES Newspaper(cNewspaperCode) ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 45 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Create the table with the constraints Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type the query Execute the commands by clicking the Execute Query button ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 46 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Verify the constraints by inserting data Verify the constraint by inserting data (into the Newspaper table) Action Test Attribute Value in the INSERT Result case statement. 1 cPhone 3445AB323 The row would not be inserted, as the telephone number contains character data 2 cPhone (212)345-2467 The row would be inserted, as this is a valid format for a telephone number 4 cCountrycode 005 The row would be inserted with 005 in the cCountryCode attribute 5 cNewspaperCode 0001 (Already The row when inserted would give an error, present in since 0001 already exists for Newspaper table) cNewspaperCode in the Newspaper table 6 cNewspaperCode 0090 (not present in The row would be inserted, as 0090 for the Newspaper cNewspaperCode does not exist in the table) Newspaper table ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 47 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Verify the constraints by inserting data (Contd.) Verify the constraint by inserting data (into the NewsAd table) Action Test Attribute Value in the INSERT Result case statement. 1 cNewsAdNo 0001 (Already The row when inserted would give an error present in the since 0001 is already present for the NewsAd table) cNewsAdNo attribute in the NewsAd table 2 cNewsAdNo 0035 (Not present in The row would be inserted, since 0035 does the NewsAd table) not exist in the NewsAd table 3 cNewspaperCode 0045 (Not present in The row,when inserted would give an error, as Newspaper table) 0045 does not exist for cNewspaperCode in the Newspaper table 4 cNewspaperCode 0001(Present in the The row would be inserted, since 0001 for Newspaper table) cNewspaperCode does not exist in the Newspaper table ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 48 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity 5.P.2 Using Constraints Create the College table with the following data integrity rules: cCollegeCode should be the primary key The phone number should be of the format ([0-9][0-9][0-9]) [0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] cCity should be “New Orleans” by default Create the CampusRecruitment table so that it satisfies the following data integrity rules: The cCampusRecruitmentCode column should be the primary key The cCollegeCode column should be the foreign key ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 49 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Summary In this lesson, you learned that: A table is a database object used to store data A table can be created using the CREATE TABLE statement The INSERT statement is used to insert data into the table The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete the table A user-defined datatype is created by a user and is based on a system datatype A user-defined datatype is created using the sp_addtype system stored procedure ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 50 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Summary (Contd.) A user-defined datatype can be dropped using the sp_droptype system stored procedure sp_help provides information about a database object or a user- defined datatype Data integrity ensures the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of data contained in the database Data integrity can be classified as entity integrity, domain integrity, referential integrity, and user-defined integrity Data integrity can be enforced through constraints Constraints are rules that can be specified at either the table- level or the column-level ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 51 of 52
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Creating Tables and
Enforcing Data Integrity Summary (Contd.) A constraint can be created using either the CREATE TABLE or the ALTER TABLE statements A constraint can be dropped with the ALTER TABLE statement or by dropping the table Constraints are classified as PRIMARY, FOREIGN, UNIQUE, CHECK, and DEFAULT ©NIIT SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 52 of 52
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