2. OUTLINE
1. Vietnam Overview
2. Natural Water Resources
Surface Water
Ground Water
Water Availability & Quality
3. Water Resources Usage
4. Natural Water Resources – Major Issues
5. References
Page 1 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
3. VIETNAM OVERVIEW
Area : 331,690 km2
Population (2011) : 87,375,000 – the
13th most populous country
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
Land boundaries: 4,639 km
Laos 2,130 km
China 1,281 km
Cambodia 1,228 km
Climate: tropical monsoon
Rainfall:
- Annual average rainfall 2,050 mm
(highest 2,640mm and lowest 1,600mm)
- 90% in summer
Page 2 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
4. SURFACE WATER – OVERVIEW
River run-off per Region (bill.m³/year)
Source: National Water Sector profile, 2002
The total average annual surface water
discharge is about 830 bill.m3 per year;
More than 60% of Vietnam’s surface
water generated outside the country;
Only 309 bill.m³ per year generated
within Vietnam;
Source:www.ask.com/wiki/Regions_of_Vietnam
Page 3 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
5. SURFACE WATER – OVERVIEW
Uneven distribution, not only spatially, but over the year
Low water availability per capita in Southeast Asia: 4,170m³/person
(4,900 m³/person in Southeast Asia and 3,300m³/person in Asia);
5% 3%
11% Irrigation
Aquaculture
Industry
Urban
81%
Surface water usage by sector
Page 4 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
6. SURFACE WATER - RIVER
Dense river network with 2,360 rivers more
than 10 km length;
Red River: The largest river in
Vietnam
Mekong River: The longest river in
Southeast Asia
Mekong River
Source: www.chinapage.com/river/river.html
Red River Basin
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Page 5 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
7. SURFACE WATER - RIVER
13 major river systems with the area over 10,000km²
2% of the total river flow in the world
Providing an abundant supply of water – 255 bill.m³ annually; low utilization of
only 53bill.m³ per year;
NO. River Total volume (km³) Percentage (%)
1 Me Kong 500 59
2 Red 126,5 14,9
3 Dong Nai 36,3 4,3
4 Ma, Ca and Thu Bon 20 (for each river) 2,3 – 2,6
5 Ky Cung, Thai Binh and Ba 9 (for each river) 1
6 Others 94,5 11,1
Water resources from river (per year)
(Source: Department of Water Resources Management)
Page 6 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
8. SURFACE WATER – LAKE, LAGOON
Having 460 lakes with large and
small size;
Having several major natural lakes;
Ba Be lake- Ba Be National Park (Bac
Kan Province)
The largest natural lake
Surface area : 4.5km²
Water volume : 90 million m³
Cau Hai Lagoon:
• Area: 52 km²;
• Length: 24km;
Source: Internet
Page 7 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
9. SURFACE WATER – RESERVOIRS
Having about 3,600 reservoirs and dams with various sizes;
The total reservoir active storage volume is about 37,000 million m3
(about 4.5% of the total average annual surface water discharge)
Most are more than 20-30 years old;
Purposes:
Hydropower
Flood control
Agriculture irrigation
Water supply
River flowa management
Hoa Binh Reservoir
Page 8 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
10. SURFACE WATER – RAIN WATER
Annual average rainfall 2,050 mm - 90% in summer (from July to September)
which is the abundant supply source of fresh water added to rivers and
groundwater.
Some areas with less water accessibility, rainwater is the main water supply:
Arid area, Saline water, Polluted groundwater (Arsenic pollution)
Storing rainwater in Vietnamese rural areas
Page 9 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
11. GROUND WATER
Exploitable Ground Water (bill.m³/year)
Source: National Water Sector profile, 2002
The total potential exploitable reserves of the country's aquifers
estimated at nearly 60 bill. m³ per year
Page 10 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
12. GROUNDWATER (cont.)
Having abundance of groundwater reserves;
Less than 5% of the total reserves are exploited, for the country as a
whole;
The abstraction of groundwater also varies in different regions;
Providing 35 – 50% of total water supply for urban;
The groundwater is generally of good quality, suitable for drinking with little
or no treatment;
Although less than 5% of the
total ground water reserves
are extracted, in some areas
is causing problems of falling
water tables, land subsidence
and salinity intrusion.
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
Page 11 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
13. GROUNDWATER (cont.)
RURAL AREA:
Handle Pumping well The commune well
Multi purposes:
Washing
Drinking
Cooking
Well in rural areas
Page 12 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
14. GROUNDWATER (cont.)
Small diameter size
No. Provinces
Small well Volume (m3 /per day)
1 Northern mountainous regions 8,080 45,331
2 Red River Delta 551,157 1,634,399
3 North Central Coast 21,125 61,100
4 Central Highlands 2,592 9,003
5 Central Coast 60,835 245,609
6 Northeast of Mekong 136,363 1,308,941
7 Mekong River Delta 62,798 302,164
TOTAL 842,950 3,606,547
The number of small wells of Vietam
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
Page 13 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
15. WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY
Surface Ground
Region Issues
Water Water
Northwest Flashfloods, floods, seasonal drought
+++++ +++
Region Reservoir siltation and construction
Northeast Region ++++ +++ Flashfloods, floods, seasonal drought
Floods, Cross-sectoral water allocation and use
Red River Delta +++++ +++++
Intensive agriculture, groundwater over-exploitation
North Central Flashfloods, floods, Seasonal Droughts
+++ +++
Coast Low river flow during prolonged dry season in South of region
South Central Flashfloods, floods, Severe Seasonal Droughts
++ +++
Coast Low river flow during prolonged dry season entire region
Central Flashfloods, Seasonal droughts
++++ ++++
Highlands Groundwater over-exploitation for irrigation, Reservoir construction
Floods, Seasonal drought.
Northeast of
++++ +++++ Sector wise water allocation and use, Groundwater over-exploitation
Mekong
(HCMC)
Mekong River Flood, cross-sectoral water allocation and use
+++++ +++++
Delta Intensive agriculture/aquaculture, groundwater over-exploitation
(A high score (+++++) means water is abundant or good quality, a low score (+) they are
scarce or the water quality is unacceptable and out of range of standards.)
Source: http://www.wepa-db.net/
Page 14 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
16. WATER QUALITY – OVERVIEW
SURFACE WATER:
The upstream water quality
remains good;
The downstream pollution mainly
from urban areas and industries;
Most lakes and canals in urban
areas are fast becoming sewage
Exploitation of mineral along river
sinks;
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
Evidence of pollution from:
Mainly from industrial waste
water
Untreated municipality water;
Garbage dumping;
Discharged directly into river basin
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
Page 15 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
17. WATER QUALITY – OVERVIEW
GROUND WATER:
The quality of ground water
remains good;
There are some pockets of
contamination;
Having some salinity intrusion;
Evidence of pollution from:
To unclog the flow
Poorly maintained septic
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
tanks;
Garbage dumping;
Industrial effluent;
Over-exploitation;
Garbage dumping
Page 16 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
18. WATER QUALITY – BY REGIONS
Rivers
Ground Coastal
Region Up- Down- Issues
Waters Waters
stream stream
Northwest Region +++++ ++++ +++++ – –
Urban pollution, Saline intrusion, Marine
Northeast Region +++++ ++ ++++ +++
transport pollution risks.
Urban and Industrial pollution, Saline
Red River Delta ++++ ++ +++ +++ Intrusion Agrochemical pollution, transport
pollution risks
North Central Coast ++++ +++ +++ ++++ Urban pollution, Saline intrusion
South Central Coast +++++ ++ ++++ ++++ Urban pollution, Saline intrusion
Central Highlands +++++ ++++ +++++ – –
Urban and industrial pollution, Saline
Northeast of Mekong ++++ + +++ ++
intrusion
Saline intrusion, Low pH in rivers (Acid
Mekong River Delta ++++ ++ +++ +++ soils) Agrochemical pollution, transport
pollution risks
Water quality deterioration is probably the greatest environmental issue
facing Vietnam;
Source: http://www.wepa-db.net/
Page 17 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
19. WATER RESOURCES USAGE
Domestic
Irrigation
Fisheries
Services
Industry
Distribution of Water Usage by Sector
Source: State of Environment 2010
In Vietnam, 70% of water for daily life
comes from surface water and 30%
from ground water.
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
Page 18 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
20. WATER RESOURCES USAGE
Urban Water Requirement to 2020
Page 19 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
21. MAJOR ISSUES - OVERVIEW
Population increase;
Rapid urbanization and industrialization;
Climate change;
Monitoring the resource & extractions
Sustainable levels of extraction
Impacts assessment of projects (eg. hydro power projects)
State water management capacity;
Inadequate physical infrastructure;
Budget for water resources development and management is limited
Page 20 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
22. MAJOR ISSUES (cont.)
SURFACE WATER:
To be susceptible to water resource
decisions made in upstream countries;
Dams built at the upstream
problems;
Climate change (natural disaster risks
of floods, typhoons, coastal attack and
drought)
Drought in dry season;
Flood in rainy season;
GROUND WATER:
Lacking ground water protection plans;
Lacking ground water drilled plans;
Over-extraction;
Due to polluted surface water;
Dams on the Mekong River
Page 21 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
23. REFERENCES
Vietnam State of Water Environment Issues, Water Environment
Partnership in Asia, http://www.wepa-db.net/
Vietnam State of Environment 2010
ADB Water Sector Review – Sector Status Report, 2008
Page 22 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
Câu in đỏ để chuyển đề sang surface water and ground water :D
The total average annual surface water discharge in Viet Nam7 is about 830 billion m3.Nearly 57% of this flows in the Cuu Long river basin, and more than 16% in the Red - Thai Binhbasin, and more than 4% in the Dong Nai basin ….
The total average annual surface water discharge in Viet Nam7 is about 830 billion m3.Nearly 57% of this flows in the Cuu Long river basin, and more than 16% in the Red - Thai Binhbasin, and more than 4% in the Dong Nai basin ….
Chưa tìm ra được các thống kê về hồ (tự nhiên, và nhân tạo) cho Việt Nam. Nhưng có generalize rằng có các hồ tự nhiên to tại các national park, cũng nhắc tới rất nhiều hồ có quy mô nhỏ hơn nằm rải rác, kể cả các hồ trong nội thành như ở Hà Nội, Đà Lạt …Còn những vùng nông thôn thì có các hồ là hố bom, cũng là nguồn nước dùng, ngoài ra, đó cũng là nguồn từ nước mưa …
NA thinking: Normally rainwater is not calculate in surface water distribution, as it is an income source TO rivers and groundwater. Không thể tính % của lượng nước mưa đóng góp vào water natural resourse vì nó thật ra là chiếm 80-90 nguồn nước mặt (mưa xuống) và ngấm vào mạch nước ngầm. Khi mình trình bày phần rainwater này là bổ sung thêm giới thiệu việc sử dụng nguồn nước đa dạng thôi, ngoài dùng nước mặt (nếu thiếu, hoặc bị nhiễm mặn) hoặc ngoài dùng nước ngầm (bị mặn, ô nhiễm) người ta mới trữ nước mưa dùng riêng. Arid area (highlands, central)Saline water (Mekong delta)Polluted groundwater (Arsenic pollution, Red River Delta)
Vẫn chưa biết other well là gì, có thể là loại combine, vừa dùng tay vừa dùng máy? Hay là đây là loại giếng đào, không sâu, nhưng vẫn dùng máy để lấy nước, để tách biệt với các loại giếng rất sâu mới có nước?
Vẫnchưabiết other well làgì, cóthểlàloại combine, vừadùngtayvừadùngmáy? Hay làđâylàloạigiếngđào, khôngsâu, nhưngvẫndùngmáyđểlấynước, đểtáchbiệtvớicácloạigiếngrấtsâumớicónước?Là Giếng nông đấy chị, để phân biệt với giếng Sâu có độ sâu hơn 100m.Giếng Sấu thì sạch hơn, vệ sinh hơn.
Surface water is abundant, especially in Red River Delta and Mekong River Delta. Water is a bit limited in Central Coast and Central Highlands.Some issues related to water availability is listed and highlighted in red. For example, Flashflood (we are having this problem every year, this time, we call storm and flood season. Drought is an issue in the central, and intensive ground water over-exploitation is an issue to be concerned.
Water for irrigation gets the largest portion, (xxx %). As we see before, water is extracted from groundwaterThe example of water use in industry:Water usage for industry is expected to double in 2015
The need for water will double in 10 years !
Sẽ hiện ra theo nhóm để trình bày và strong discusion/statement kết bài cho hay:Budget for water resources development and management is limited and has not met the demand of the sector.1. Conflicting among different stakeholders for water usage, The lack of water sharing policies at a river basin scale is becoming increasingly problematic in Viet Nam. No limits to the amount of water that can be extracted from surface water or groundwater systems have been established.2. climate change itself is a critical issue for Vietnam, country that have the impact. 3. We need monitoring the resource and extraction, ONLY form that we can have plan for an sustainable levels of extraction. With 11 of the 16 river basins classified as stressed in the dry season, there is now an urgent need to define the sustainable limits of water extraction in each basin, and to manage total extractions to within those limits.4. Impact assessment of projects. Currently the assessment of the water resource and environmental impacts of projects is poor.5. State water management capacity is currently very limited. For both surface water and groundwater, at state and provinces level (nhân lực quản lý còn yếu kém :D)
Sẽ hiện ra theo nhóm để trình bày và strong discusion/statement kết bài cho hay:1. Conflicting among different stakeholders for water usage, The lack of water sharing policies at a river basin scale is becoming increasingly problematic in Viet Nam. No limits to the amount of water that can be extracted from surface water or groundwater systems have been established.2. climate change itself is a critical issue for Vietnam, country that have the impact. 3. We need monitoring the resource and extraction, ONLY form that we can have plan for an sustainable levels of extraction. With 11 of the 16 river basins classified as stressed in the dry season, there is now an urgent need to define the sustainable limits of water extraction in each basin, and to manage total extractions to within those limits.4. Impact assessment of projects. Currently the assessment of the water resource and environmental impacts of projects is poor.5. State water management capacity is currently very limited. For both surface water and groundwater, at state and provinces level (nhân lực quản lý còn yếu kém :D)
Nếu còn thời gian thì hãy giới thiệu 3 tài liệu mình tham khảo, nếu hết giờ thì thôi :D