Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI18G)[5][a] was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Germanwings—a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa—from Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Spain, to Düsseldorf Airport, Germany. On 24 March 2015 the aircraft, an Airbus A320-200, crashed 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice, in the French Alps, after a constant descent that began one minute after the last routine contact with air traffic control and shortly after the plane had reached its assigned cruise altitude. The French prosecutor, the French and German authorities and a spokesperson for Germanwings have all stated that the crash was intentional.[6][7][8][9] All 144 passengers and six crew members were killed.

1. Flight 9525 took off from Runway 07R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport at
10:01:12 CET (09:01.12 UTC) and was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET
(10:39 UTC).[2][10]
The flight's scheduled departure time was 09:35 CET (08:35 UTC).[11]
The Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC), the French civil aviation authority, declared
the aircraft in distress after the aircraft's descent and loss of radio contact.[12][13]
According to the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA;
English: Bureau of Investigations and Analyses),[14]
at 10:30 CET, pilots confirmed instructions
from French air traffic control.
At 10:31.02 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft made a slight
course correction, left its assigned cruising altitude and without approval began a rapid
descent. Radar observed an average descent rate of approximately 17.8 metres per second
(3,500 feet per minute). Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the
assigned radio frequency radio link were not answered.[15]
A French military Mirage jet was
scrambled from the Orange air base[16]
to intercept the plane.[17]
According to BEA, radar
contact was lost at 10:40.47 CET; at the time, the aircraft was flying at an altitude of 6,175 ft
(1,882 m).[18]
The aircraft crashed within the territory of the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100
kilometres (62 mi) north-west of Nice.[19][20][21][22]
The crash is the deadliest air disaster in France since the crash of Inex-Adria Aviopromet
Flight 1308 in 1981, in which 180 people died, and the third-deadliest in France behind Flight
1308 and Turkish Airlines Flight 981.[23]
This was the first major crash of a civil airliner in
France since the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in
2000.[24]
The crash is also the first loss of a Lufthansa-owned airliner during the cruising phase
of flight.[25]
Cause of crash[edit]
The French prosecutor, the French and German authorities and a spokesperson for
Germanwings have all stated that the crash was intentional.[6][7][8][9]
During the descent, the
pilots did not respond to questions from air traffic control, and did not transmit any distress
call. Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said that contact from the Marseille air traffic control
tower was audible on the cockpit voice recorder multiple times.[26]
Lufthansa CEO Carsten
Spohr stated that the pilot left the cabin for a toilet break and entered his code to open the
cockpit door, but the co-pilot disabled access from the cockpit controls.[27]
The pilot then
proceeded to bang on the door, with no response from the co-pilot.[14][28][29]
Reuters reported
that German aviation law permits pilots to leave the cockpit while the aircraft is
cruising.[30]
Evidence showed the autopilot was abruptly switched from cruising altitude to 100
feet (30 m), which is the lowest setting for the autopilot.[31]
Crash site[edit]

2. The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, and is close to Mount Cimet, where Air
France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[32][33]
Police and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[34][35]
A picture from the
accident site was released, with the report that the aircraft had disintegrated, the largest piece
of wreckage being "the size of a car".[36]
A helicopter landed near the site of the crash and
confirmed that there were no survivors.[37]
The search and rescue team reported that the debris
field is two square kilometres (500 acres) in size.[21]
The plane appears not to have deviated
from its heading during the descent.[38]
The DGAC has set up temporary flight restrictions in the area surrounding the crash site. The
prohibited area was first set on 24 March at 11:47 GMT (12:47 CET); a circle of 3 nautical
miles (5.6 km) radius centred at 44°16′50″N 6°26′25″E from FL000 up to FL140.[39]
At 13:38
GMT (14:38 CET), a second larger area was added to cover a radius of 10 nautical miles
(19 km; 12 mi) centred at 44°16′48″N 6°26′24″E from FL000 to FL100.[40]
Entry into the
airspace is forbidden, except for state flights or for rescue missions.[41]
Rescue efforts were
suspended overnight by the French authorities to ensure the safety of the rescuers.[42]
Aircraft[edit]
The aircraft involved was a 24-year-old Airbus A320-211,[b]
serial number 147, registered as D-
AIPX. It first flew on 29 November 1990.[43]
The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight
hours on 46,700 flights.[44]
The original Design Service Goal (DSG) of the aircraft was 60,000
hours or 48,000 flights. In 2012, an optional Extended Service Goal (ESG1) was approved,
extending the service life to 120,000 hours or 60,000 flights, provided that a required package
of service and inspections was performed before the DSG was reached.[45]
Crew and passengers[edit]
People on board by nationality[46]
Nationality No.
Germany[c]
70[48]
Spain 51[49]
Argentina 3[50]
Kazakhstan 3[51]
United Kingdom[d]
3[54]

3. People on board by nationality[46]
Nationality No.
United States 3[55]
Australia 2[56]
Colombia 2[57]
Iran 2[58]
Japan 2[59]
Mexico 2[60]
Morocco 2[61]
Venezuela 2[62]
Belgium 1[63]
Chile 1[64]
Denmark 1[65]
Israel 1[66]
Netherlands 1[67]
Turkey 1[68]
Total number of victims 150
Number of victims with dual citizenships 5

4. There were 144 passengers and six crew members on board, most of them German and
Spanish nationals[46]
but from at least 18 nations in total. The early count was confused by dual
citizenship.[69]
Crew[edit]
German media identified the pilot in command as Captain Patrick
Sondenheimer.[70]
Germanwings announced that the captain had 10 years of flying experience
(6000 flight hours)[19]
with Germanwings and Lufthansa flying A320s, as well as Condor.[70][71]
The First Officer was named as Andreas Lubitz, 27.[72][73][74]
Lufthansa commented that Lubitz
took time out from his pilot training in 2009;[7]
an acquaintance of Lubitz stated that this was
due to having suffered from burnout and depression.[75]
He had 630 flight hours of experience
before the crash.[76]
Passengers[edit]
Amongst the passengers were 16 schoolchildren and two teachers from the Joseph-König-
Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were on their way home from a
student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona.[77]
Haltern's
mayor, Bodo Klimpel, has described it as "the darkest day in the history of our city."[78]
The Deutsche Oper am Rhein confirmed that bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak was among the
passengers,[79]
as was German contralto Maria Radner.[80]
Members of theSwedish
football team Dalkurd FF were booked to be on the flight but changed at the last moment.[56]
Investigation[edit]
The French national civil aviation enquiries bureau, Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la
Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), opened an investigation into the crash, joined by its
German counterpart, the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU). On 24
March, the BEA sent seven investigators to the crash site, accompanied by representatives
from Airbus and CFM International. The BEA held a press conference on 25 March from 16:00
to 16:45 UTC.[81][82]
The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was recovered by rescue workers and was examined by the
investigation team.[83][84]
The recorder was damaged in the crash, but was still in a usable
condition.[38]
The BEA released photos of the CVR[85]
and was able to extract a voice
recording.[86]
On 26 March, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said it appeared that co-pilot Lubitz, a 27-year-
old German, crashed the jet deliberately.[6][87]
When investigators asked Germanwings if another member of the flight crew must be present
in the cockpit when one of the pilots leaves, they replied that the company has no such
requirement, nor do European regulations.[88]

5. Marseille prosecutor Robin said that the co-pilot Lubitz's responses, initially courteous in the
first part of the trip, became "curt" when the captain began the mid-flight briefing on the
planned landing. Lubitz is thought to have manually set the plane on the descent that drove it
into the mountain.[89]
German prosecutors later announced that police had begun searching Lubitz's home for
evidence,[90]
including religious ties, although Marseille prosecutor Robin responded to a
reporter's question about Lubitz's religious background by stating, "I don't think that's where
the answer to this lies".[91]
On 26 March 2015, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation announced it would assist in the
crash investigation at the request of the French government.[92][93]
Response[edit]
Political[edit]
French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve remarked that due to the "violence of the
impact" there was "little hope" that any survivors would be found.[94]
Prime Minister Manuel
Valls said he had dispatched Interior Minister Cazeneuve to the scene and set-up a ministerial
crisis cell to co-ordinate the response to the incident.[95]
King Philip VI of Spain, in Paris for a state visit to France at the time of the crash, announced
his decision to cut his visit short and return to Spain.[46]
German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that she would travel to the crash site on 25
March together with Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Hannelore
Kraft.[96][97]
Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site on 24 March,
describing it as "a picture of horror".[95]
Merkel, French Prime Minister Valls, and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy visited the
recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes on 25 March.[98]
United States President Barack Obama (appearing at the White House with
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani, who also expressed his sympathies) called the crash "an
awful tragedy" and offered U.S. assistance to investigate it.[99]
Commercial[edit]
Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24–25 March, which the pilots' union says
was due to grief at the loss of their colleagues.[100][101]
Lufthansa Chief Executive Carsten Spohr visited the crash location on 25 March, and
afterwards said that this is "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[102]
Shortly after the crash, Germanwings changed their website and social media branding
to greyscale images. Lufthansa, Swiss, and Austrian also did the same thing.

6. On 25 March, Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441. The
outbound flight number was also changed: from 4U9524 to 4U9440. The flight numbers for the
later Düsseldorf to Barcelona flight remain unchanged.[103]
Following the accident, many airlines have announced they now require at least two people to
be on the flightdeck at all times during flight for safety reasons.[104][105][106][107]

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