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1. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
IN URBAN/RURAL AREA
NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM
082015100035

2. INTRODUCTION
• Demography and demography cycle
1. Demography indicator
2. India situation
3. Age and sex composition
4. Age pyramid
5. Sex ratio
6. Dependency ratio
7. Density population
8. URBANIZATION
9. Family size
10. Literacy and education
11. Life expectancy

3. WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?
• Scientific study of human population
• Focuses on 3 observable human phenomenon
– Population changes
– Population composition
– Population distribution
• Deal with 5 “demographic process”
– Fertility
– Mortality
– Marriage
– Migration
– Social mobility

6. FIRST STAGE (High stationary)
• High birth rate and a high death rate
• Cancel each other
• Population remains stationary.
• India was in this stage till 1920.
SECOND STAGE (Early expanding)
• Death rate begins to decline
• While the birth rate remains unchanged.
• Many countries in south asia, and africa are in
this phase.
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE

7. Cont.
THIRD STAGE (Late expanding)
• Death rate declines still further
• Birth rate tends to fall.
• The population continues to grow
• India has entered this phase.
• In a number of developing countries, birth rates have
declined rapidly.

8. Cont.
FOURTH STAGE (Low stationary)
• Low birth and low death rate
• Population becomes stationary.
• Most industrialized countries.
FIFTH STAGE: (Declining)
• Birth rate is lower than the death rate.
• Some east european countries, are experiencing
this stage.

10. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Provide an overview of its population
– Size
– Composition
– Territorial distribution
– Changes therein
– Components of changes such as nativity, mortality and social mobility.
• Demographic indicators have been divided into two parts
– population statistics and vital statistics
• Help in identifying areas that
– need policy and programmed interventions,
– setting near and far-term goals
– deciding priorities, besides understanding them in an integrated
structure.

12. WHY INDIA ?
• With a population of 1,364 million in the year 2014, india is the
second most populous country in the world, seventh in land area.
• India is supporting about 17.5 per cent of the world's population.
• India's population has been steadily increasing since 1921.
• The year 1921 is called the "big divide" because the absolute
number of people added to the population during each decade has
been on the increase since 1921
• India's population is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million
each year.
• It crossed 1 billion mark on 11 May 2000
• Projected to reach 1.53 billion by the year 2050.
• This will then make India the most populous country in the world,
surpassing China.

13. AGE-SEX COMPOSITION
• This trend is to continue in the time to come.
• The increase in the elderly population will impose a greater burden
on the already outstretched health services in the country.
Age group 0-14 years Male population is about 1.4 per cent
more than female
Age group 60+ Female population is 0.8 per cent more
than male population
The proportion of population in the
age group 0-14 years
Is higher in rural areas {30.5 per cent)
than in urban areas (25.2 per cent), for
both male and female population
The proportion of population below 14
years of age is showing decline
Whereas the proportion of elderly in
the country is increasing

15. AGE PYRAMID
• The age structure of a population
• A vivid contrast may be seen in India and in
Switzerland.
• India is typical of developing countries, with a
broad base and a tapering top.
• Switzerland, the pyramid generally shows a
bulge in the middle, and has a narrower base.

17. SEX RATIO
• Sex ratio is defined as "the number of
females per 1000 males".
• Affected by
– Differentials in mortality conditions of
males and females
– Sex selective migration
– Sex ratio at birth.
• A low sex ratio indicates
– Strong male child preference
– Consequent gender' inequities
– Neglect of the girl child resulting in
higher mortality at younger age
– Female infanticide
– Female foeticide
– Higher matern mortality
– Male bias in enumeration of population

18. Cont.
• Easy availability of the sex
determination tests and
abortion services may also
be proving to be catalyst in
the process.
• The sex ratio in india has
been generally adverse to
women
• The sex ratio has also
declined over the decades.
"Female deficit syndrome”

19. Sex ratio at birth :
• Affected by sex-selectivity at birth.
• (India)- 2011 has been estimated at 878.
• Rural- 871 / Urban- 891
• Among the bigger states, the sex ratio at birth
varies from 1,084 in Kerala to 877 in Haryana.
• Rural areas, the highest and lowest sex ratio at
birth are in the states of Kerala (1077) and
Haryana (880) respectively.

20. Cont.
• Child sex ratio (0-6 years) : Census 2011- fall in
child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 years and
has reached an all time low of 914 since 1961.
• The fall has been 13 points from 927 to 914 for
the country during 2001 to 2011.
• In rural areas, the fall has been significant 15
points from 934 to 919
• In urban areas it has been 4 points from 906 to
902 over the decade

21. DEPENDENCY RATIO
• The proportion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15
years of age are considered to be dependant on the economically
productive age group (15-64 years).
• TOTAL DEPENDENCY RATIO.
• Also referred to as the societal dependency ratio and reflects the need
for a society to provide for their younger and older population groups.
• The dependency ratio
– young age dependency ratio (0-14 years)
– old age dependency ratio (65 years and more).
• They are relatively crude
– They do not take into consideration elderly or young persons who
are employed or working age persons who are unemployed

23. Cont.
• International comparison
– Use the child, old and total dependency ratios
– To study the dependency burden of the population.
The total
dependency
ratio tends to
decrease in the
earlier stages of
development
When rapid
decline in
fertility
Reduce child
population
more than
increase in
older
population
But
subsequently
the increase in
older persons
far out-weighs
the decline in
the child
population
The rapid decline in dependency ratios, especially the child
dependency ratio, has been identified to be a key factor
underlying rapid economic development.
There is shift of child dependency to old age dependency,
as fertility decline and life expectancy increases

24. "demographic bonus"
• The period
– The dependency ratio in a population declines
– Because of decline in fertility
– Till it starts to rise again because of increasing longevity.
• Depends on
– Pace of decline in fertility level of a population.
• If the switch to small families is fast, the
demographic bonus can give a considerable push to
development.

26. "demographic burden"
• Increase in the total dependency ratio during
any period of time
• Mostly caused by increased old age
dependency ratio.
• This is an inevitable consequence of
demographic transition
• The country has to face this problem sooner
or later

27. DENSITY OF POPULATION
• It is the ratio between (total) population and
surface (land) area.
• In the indian census, density is defined as the
number of persons, living per square
kilometre.
• For the year 2014 the density of population
per sq. Km. In india was 394

29. FAMILY SIZE
• The total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time
• The completed family size indicates
– The total number of children borne by a woman during her
child-bearing age (15 and 45 years)
• The total fertility rate gives
– Approximate magnitude of the completed family size.
• The family size depends upon
– Duration of marriage
– Education of the couple
– The number of live births and living children
– Preference of male children
– Desired family size

30. Cont.
• The family planning programme's campaign based on the
theme of a "two-child" family norm, with a view to reach the
long-term demographic goal of NRR= 1.
• Family planning involves
– Decision regarding the "desired family size”
– The effective limitation of fertility once that size has been
reached.
• The decrease in family size to be due to the result of
deliberate family planning.

31. LETERACY AND EDUCATION
• Spread of literacy associated with
– Modernization
– Urbanization
– Industrialization
– Communication
– Commerce.
• Higher levels of education and
literacy lead to
– A greater awareness
– Improvement of economic
– Various skills acquisition
– Better use of health care
facilities.
• A person is literate if he/she can
read and write with understanding
in any language.
• Crude literacy rate
• Literacy rate
• GOI has made education
compulsory up to the age of 14
years

33. LIFE EXPECTANCY
• Average number of years which a person of
that age may expect to live
• According to the mortality pattern prevalent
in country.
• Best indicators of a country's level of
development and overall health status of its
population.
• Life expectancy at birth has continued to
increase globally over the years

34. SUMMARY
• Demography and demography cycle
• Demography indicator
• India situation
• Age and sex composition
• Age pyramid
• Sex ratio
• Dependency ratio
• Density population

35. REFERENCES
“Demography and Family Planning.” Park's
Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, by
K. Park, 22nd ed., Bhanot Publishers, 2015, pp.
443–449.