1. The New Digital DivideLIS 768 Group ProjectFall 2009 by Toni Gzehoviak Kasia Grabowska Dan McPhillips Sheila Cody
2. What is the Digital Divide? The term digital divide refers to the gap between people who have access to digital technology – such as computers, Internet, mobile phones, etc. – and those who have very limited access or no access at all.
5. 1 in 5 Households Worldwide has Broadband Internet Access 2008 – 382 million households 2009 – 422 million households 2013 – 580 million households Source: http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1189323
6. Old vs. New “Old” digital divide -- divide between those who have access to technology and those who do not New digital divide – divide between those who use technology and those who do not
7. The New Digital Divide digital divide = circumstance new digital divide = choice
12. Internet Statistics 79% of American adults used the internet in 2009, up from 67% in Feb. 2005 Source: http://www.pewinternet.org/Infographics/Growth-in-Adult-SNS-Use-20052009.aspx
13. Using the Internet as a Tool Some 69% of all Americans have used the internet to cope with the recession as they hunt for bargains, jobs, ways to upgrade their skills, better investment strategies, housing options, and government benefits. That amounts to 88% of internet users. Source: http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/11-The-Internet-and-the-Recession.aspx
14. Poverty 1 in 10 Americans are unemployed 1 in 5 seniors are poor These are people that desperately need access to the internet, the ones that would benefit most from the resources available online (e.g. Medicare, Social Security information, job searching …) Source: http://uspoverty.change.org/blog/view/1_in_5_elderly_are_poor
16. Internet Access as a Human Right Estonia, France, and most recently Finland have made internet access a human right
17. Government Countries are adopting legal measures to ensure internet access The government has allocated $7.2 billion for broadband development as part of the stimulus package. The money will be distributed in January (Source: http://bit.ly/8OMCNt) The U.S. Government is moving towards reaching people electronically – and getting people more involved
28. Libraries with policies that deter homeless Manatee County Library System (http://bit.ly/4NuvOq) Schaumburg Township District Library (http://bit.ly/5gaipO) Libraries that require a permanent address to get a library card
32. N.C. Digital Initiative $3.1 million John and James Knight Foundation grant will go to 12 communities across the U.S. to build better digital library centers $804,100 Grant will go to create a career lab where people can search for jobs, build skills, and create resumes Will also help increase bandwidth and purchasing new computers for libraries in Charlotte and Mecklenburg Counties Source: http://www.knightfoundation.org/news/press_room/knight_press_releases/detail.dot?id=352422
35. The Divide Among Digital Natives Access to Technology through Schools Nearly universal in the U.S. • No Child Left Behind • Telecommunications Act of 1996 Nationwide average of four students per computer in schools
36. The Divide Among Digital Natives Access to Technology at Home 70% of individuals aged 3 – 17 live in households with internet access. — U.S. Census Bureau’s 2007 population report (released online in 2009)
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38. Lack of Home Internet Access Creates a Divide when Using Technology at School “Children who have access to home computers demonstrate more positive attitudes towards computers and show greater ease when using computers than those who do not… More often than not, those youth who have developed the most comfort with the online world are the ones who dominate classroom use of computers, pushing aside less technically skilled classmates.” (Jenkins 8; 13)
39. The NEW Divide = a Division in Knowledge We must “shift the focus of the conversation about the digital divide from questions of technological access to those of opportunities to participate and to develop the cultural competencies and skills needed for full involvement” in society. “Access to today’s participatory culture functions as a new form of the hidden curriculum, shaping which youth will succeed and which will be left behind as they enter school and the workplace.” (Jenkins 3)
40. Media Literacy - knowledge Media Literacy Education All states have adopted educational standards detailing what students should know and be able to do with technology. But… (Hightower)
41. Media Literacy - knowledge Only 5 states actually test students’ knowledge and skills with technology (Hightower). The focus of technology education must shift to the “new media literacies: a set of skills that young people need in the new media landscape…The new literacies almost all involve social skills developed through collaboration and networking” (Jenkins 4).
42. Participatory Culture A study conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project suggests that “we are moving away from a world in which some produce and many consume media, toward one in which everyone has a more active stake in the culture that is produced” (Lenhardt & Madden)
43. Participatory Divide More than half of American teens could be considered media creators Created a blog or webpage Posted original artwork, photos, stories, videos Remixed online content into a new creation What about the other half ? ? ? (Lenhardt & Madden)
44. Participatory Divide Benefits of this participatory culture: Opportunities for peer-to-peer learning A changed attitude toward intellectual property Diversification of cultural expression Development of skills valued in the modern workplace A more empowered concept of citizenship (Jenkins 3)
45. The NEW Divide = Denial of Access Blocking and Filtering 21 states have Internet filtering laws for public schools or libraries Internet Use Policies Filtering Software (National Council of State Legislators)
46. Denial of Access Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) Requires the use of filtering software to block access to websites with offensive photos or materials (In order to participate in the E-Rate program) (Federal Communications Commission)
47. Denial of Access National Coalition Against Censorship Filtering: Limits the free exchange of ideas Filtering operates by keywords, so studies show frequent examples of “egregious overblocking” (Heins & Cho)
48. Closing the Divide for Youth Media Literacy Education — in school libraries and public libraries Access to participatory technologies — in school libraries and public libraries Expanded access to computers in general Advocate against filtering laws or requirements
49. Digital Immigrants People who “were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in their lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology.” (Prensky, 2001)
50. Reasons Skills and education Awareness and relevance Fear, privacy and security
51. 21st Century Literacy “No prior technological advance has had such a profound cognitive impact as computing.” Source: http://www.asaecenter.org/PublicationsResources/JALArticleDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=44004
52. Example: Pete Taylor Pete had been considering using the internet but feared it would be complicated. Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/oct/25/internet-uk-martha-lane-fox
53. Builidng 21st Century Literacy Skills “Far worse than the economic divide is the fact that technology remains so complicated that many people couldn't use a computer even if they got one for free.” Source: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/digital-divide.html
54. Awareness and Relevance “Pew survey indicates that about 65 million Americans don’t go online. Of this group, only five percent cite money as the reason; 39 percent say only that they’re not interested or it’s a waste of time.” Source: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1395/1313
55. Example: My Mom My Mom has been around computers for years, but she never found much use in them.
56. Creating Awareness and Relevance “As the old familiar formats become less available and more information and entertainment goes digital, those in their 50s, 60s and beyond can become marginalized if they don’t pick up computer skills. They must learn!” Source: http://www.nypl.org/blogs/subject/digital-immigrants
57. Fear – Privacy – Security “It is often fear, however, as much as absence of opportunity that holds people back.” Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/oct/25/internet-uk-martha-lane-fox
58. Facing Technology Fears What are libraries doing to help digital immigrants learn about privacy and security online?
60. The “Conscientious Objectors (COs)” Of the nearly 65 million Americans who don’t go online, 39% say they’re “not interested.” –Pew Internet Life Statistics, qtd. in Green. Why? Learning habits Demonization of technology Ideas about technology users/early adopters Nonusers’ social networks are narrow Sources: Green, R. Michelle. “Unpacking ‘I Don’t Want It’” – why novices and non-users don’t use the Internet.” First Monday 11(9). 9 September 2006. Via http://firstmonday.org/htbin/ cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1395/1313
61. “Permission to Speak, Sir” New media guru Clay Shirky: Those who choose not to engage with social media “don’t sense they have permission to speak in public.” How can we enfranchise this population? Source: Clay Shirky, “Social Media’s Growing Influence.” National Public Radio interview. Via www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=112779080
62. COs: An Intergenerational Perspective Boomers: Learning new literacies takes too much time Feel guilty using social media at work Embarrassed to ask Millennials for help Gen X: Uncomfortable with homogenization Technological burnout Time demands Sources: Lynne Lancaster, “Social Media: Jumping In or Opting Out?” Twin Cities Business Magazine via http://tinyurl.com/yfn6mkb Michael Martin, “’Refuseniks’ Say They’ll Pass on Facebook, Twitter” National Public Radio Interview. Via http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113928457
63. COs: An Intergenerational Perspective, Continued Millennials: View overlapping social media as “redundant” Disdain a “me, me, me” mentality Josh Friedman, “Twitter for Business? Call Me Dr. Jekyll…” Central Desktop Blog via http://tinyurl.com/yh22fp4
64. “Call me an 80s Hangover, but…” “…[I]f there’s a choice to be made, I choose life – fresh air and actual human contact.” –Quoted by commenter Rod on The Shifting Conversation About the Digital Divide, via Chieftech's Blog IS there even a choice to be made? Is there a middle ground between these two extremes?
65. What if they JUST DON’T WANNA!? Since “I’m not interested” can be verbal shorthand for a variety of issues, how can librarians determine pure disinterest? How much should we push those who are purely disinterested?
66. Selling COs on Social Media Understand their concerns: fear of change? Lack of skills? Educate your audience on each tool and how others are using it Do your homework: research tools; anticipate questions Use pilot projects: stage small, successful demos Explain benefits Be honest about pros and cons; don’t oversell social media Source: Adapted from Marie Ulysse, Health and Human Resources Health and Services Administration. “Social media – To be or not to be…How to get management ‘to be.’ Via http://govsocmed.blogspot.com/
Hinweis der Redaktion
The digital divide was first identified in the mid 1990s as the divide between those who have access to digital technology (computers, mobile phones and the Internet) and those who do not.
Although the struggle to close the gap between the technology haves and have-nots will continue for at least the next 10 years (according to recent Gartner research), the digital divide has been recognized as a serious threat and things are moving in the right direction.
And a recent Gartner report stated that 1 in 5 households worldwide will have a fixed broadband connection by the end of this year. Which means 422 million households will have broadband by the end of this year, compared to 382 million in 2008, and it is likely that the this trend will grow to 580 million by 2013.
But while strides have been made in the recent years to close the digital divide gap with open and reliable access to Internet, a new digital divide has opened up. The new digital divide separates those who, for a variety of reasons, decide not to utilize technology from those who do.
Seth Godin, in his book “Small is the new big” notes that the new digital divide is “based far more on choice than on circumstance.” And while in certain situations this choice might not be directly yours, a distinction should still be made between not having reliable access to the Internet and simply not using it.
Helene Blowers, a librarian, says the new digital divide refers to “the ability to utilize technology and the new information channels smartly.”
Why does the new digital divide exist? In our research, we have identified several reasons as to why the new digital divide exists, including: 21st century and social media literacy skills; access restrictions that have nothing to do with the availability of broadband or the technology; socioeconomic barriers, which is especially evident in schools; fear, resistance, privacy and security, as well as awareness and relevance specifically for the digital immigrants.
We also identified four groups of people who are being affected by new digital divide: digital natives, digital immigrants, people lacking opportunities, conscientious objectors
In several European countries, Internet access has been declared a human right…
HOWEVER…. This has not eradicated the digital divide among today’s youth. WHY?...
Participation gap -- effect on students even in the wealthiest suburbs… kids don’t have enough time in school computer labs/libraries… public libraries have limits (30 min) for user time… not enough time for kids to get work done when teachers are assigning a lot of computer required work….
But in addition to the traditional divide… the new digital divide is also a divide in knowledge and ability. As we know and others are coming finally to understand, you can’t just throw computers into schools and libraries and be done with it. We must give students the opportunities and the knowledge to be able to use these technologies to involve themselves in today’s participatory / Web 2.0 culture.
Some of these standards are embedded within content area standards (so they take a back seat); some teachers are barely competent (or not) with these technologies, so how can they possibly integrate them into their curriculum? No separate “Technology Skills” or even “Media Literacy Skills” class—so how do kids learn?
As educators know, if a skill or competency isn’t testable or tested, it tends to fall by the wayside. So many of these standards are getting “lip service” right now. AND media literacy needs have advanced beyond educating students about powerpoint and email… become about 2.0! (Read quote )
This represents a shift to more of a focus on participatory culture…
Providing access to computers isn’t enough to close the divide—this must be combined with education to help young people learn the skills and knowledge needed to use these tools effectively.
The majority of these states simply require schools/libs to adopt internet use policies to stop young people from accessing obscene or harmful info. ILLINOIS has no such laws
In order to receive discounts on communication technologies. SO, although Illinois doesn’t have filtering laws, many schools and libraries must still filter. Filters often block social networking sites– and if they don’t many school and public libraries add these sites into their filters—so filters prevent many from accessto the sites that are so popular and so quickly seeping into the practices of the business world and everyday communications within society.
So in order to close this digital divide among today’s young people…
Digital immigrants, or the non-digital natives, are people who “were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in their lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology.” By not using technology they are also increasingly excluded from the opportunities and conversations of the world.
In a way, the digital immigrants still “choose” not to use technology -- it’s just that sometimes they do it for all the wrong reasons.
Most notably, digital immigrants lack 21st century and social media literacy skills. Since they did not grow up with the technology, for digital immigrants using computers and the internet is like learning a new language and a new set of skills that is entirely foreign to them. According to the World Wide Web Consortium, the lack of education on how to use the Web to its full potential is one of the most important factors contributing to the gap in Internet usage, and digital immigrants are at the forefront.
This is especially true for the digital immigrants; what seems easy and common sense to digital natives is difficult and foreign to a digital immigrant.
Therefore, educating digital immigrants on how to search for information, how to participate in discussions, how to take initiative and benefit from the technology and even something as simple as making sure our websites easy to use can help.
In addition to building technology skills, building awareness of the potential of the technology is important. One thing that divides the digital immigrants from the natives, is that they don’t think of the internet as a source of information. And even when they are aware of what the technology has to offer, they find it difficult to see how they can benefit directly from it. In short, digital immigrants are either not aware of what the internet has to offer or they don’t see it as relevant to them, and in most cases it’s both.
My Mom is a good example of this. Not until this year did she realize the she can keep in touch with family and friends in Poland through a Polish social networking site called “NaszaKlasa”.
Educating digital immigrants in the possibilities of a computerand internet in addition to building skills is important.
The above two examples, Pete Taylor and my Mom, also illustrate fear of privacy and security. And these are not imagined fears, these are real concerns that all of us are facing. For digital immigrants who are new to the Internet it can be that much more difficult to start using internet resources, especially social networking sites.
Libraries have stepped up in educating digital immigrants about the use of technologies – there are plenty of computer classes offered at libraries that teach adults and senior citizens how to use a computer and even the internet. Libraries are even getting better at spreading awareness and showing relevance.But are we also teaching online privacy? I haven’t been able to find a library that specifically offers online privacy lessons.
My suggestions for what we, as librarians, can do to help digital immigrants overcome the new digital divide include first of all, leading by example and building awareness in our communities. The key to this is education, which is not just about learning computer skills, but understanding privacy and the potential that the internet holds. Lastly, and Sheila will touch on this a bit more, we need to empower digital immigrants to take advantage of what the internet has to offer.