REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2. Conceptual Literature
Research Literature

3. It contains literature coming from
books, journalism, and other forms of
material, concerning or relevant to the
study, but are data-free or non –
empirical material, coming from both
foreign and local sources.

4. These are empirically – based, like
scientific paper, thesis, and
dissertations, both published and
unpublished, coming from local and
foreign sources.

5.  It gives researcher several ideas on how to select
and formulate his own research problem.
 It helps the researcher identify studies that have
been done related to the topic he is interested
in.
 It avoids possible duplication of similar studies.
 It guides the researcher on the possible
theoretical framework he can use for his current
study.

6.  It gives direction to the researcher on how he
will create his own conceptual framework.
 It allows the researcher to browse several kinds
of research designs, sampling techniques,
statistical procedures, questionnaires and
processes of presenting, analyzing , and
interpreting data, from where he could base his
own choice for his paper.
 It gives a picture of a comparative analysis
between variables used in reviewed materials
and those used in the current study.

7. The review material must be current.
Literature and studies reviewed must be
relevant to the study.
Findings or result of reviewed study
should be objective and free of biases.

8.  The data used in the reviewed materials
should be scrutinized in terms of sampling
technique used to ensure that generalizations
are based on normal population.
 Reviewed materials related to the current
study should be enough to establish a strong
and viable trending of result.

9.  Graduate theses and Dissertation
 Encyclopedia of Educational research
 Books
 Internet sites and resources (website, e-
journals, e-books)
 Dictionaries in education and psychology

10.  Identify the general topic of the sources
under discussion. Thus, you will provide the
context of your review of related literature;
 Discuss what was already presented about
the topic of your paper: conflicts in a theory,
conclusions, gaps in research and scholarship,
etc.
 Explain why the literature used is worth
reviewing
How to Write the Introduction of a
Review of Related Literature

11.  It is a way of strengthening or concretizing
one’s idea by citing the similar or relevant
ideas or findings of other researchers and
authorities. Documentation was done
through footnoting or parenthetical
reference citation. Modern writers is now
using parenthetical reference style. The style
is called “American Psychological Association
style” or APA style

12. The last name of the author and the year of
publication are inserted in the text at the
appropriate point.
from theory on bounded rationality (Simon,
1945)

13. If the name of the author or the date appear as
part of the narrative, cite only missing
information in parentheses.
Simon (1945) said that

14. When a work has two authors, always cite both
names every time the reference occurs in the
text. In parenthetical material join the names
with an ampersand (&).
as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)

15. In the narrative text, join the names with the
word "and.“
as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated

16. When a work has three, four, or five authors,
cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found

17. In all subsequent citations per paragraph,
include only the surname of the first author
followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and
the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found

18. In all subsequent citations per paragraph,
include only the surname of the first author
followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and
the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found

19. In all subsequent citations per paragraph,
include only the surname of the first author
followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and
the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found

20. References cited in the text of a research paper
must appear in a Reference List or
bibliography. This list provides the information
necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

21.  Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical
order by authors' last names. Sources without authors
are arranged alphabetically by title within the same
list.
 Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&)
instead of the word "and" when listing multiple
authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
 Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or
subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.

22.  Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to
designate page numbers of articles from periodicals
that do not use volume numbers, especially
newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to
designate pages in encyclopedia articles and
chapters from edited books.
 Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with
the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented
(5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
 Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use
italics instead of underlining for titles of books and
journals.