1. Plant
Kingdo

2. Basic Plant Characteristics
1) Multicellular
2) Eukaryotic
3) Cell walls contain cellulose
4) Develop from multicellular
embryos
5) Autotrophic  make food
by photosynthesis using
chlorophyll

3. What Plants Need
to Survive…
• Sunlight
• Water
• Vitamins/Minerals
• Gas Exchange (O2 and CO2)
• A method of transport to move
water and other materials to
all parts of plant.

4. General Life Cycle Plants
• Two alternating phases:
1) Diploid Phase (Sporophyte)
-Sporophyte makes spores by
meiosis
-Develop into gametophyte
2) Haploid Phase (Gametophyte)
-Produce male and female
gametes by mitosis
-Gametes eventually join to form
sporophyte

5. Alternating Phases: Plant Life Cycle

6. Evolutionary Trends and Plants…
• Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular
green algae
• Plants have evolved specific adaptations
to help them survive in a variety of
different climates.
• There are 4 major groups of plants which
are separated by three distinct features:
1) vascular tissue
2) Seeds
3) flowers

7. 4 Major Groups of Plants
Green Algae Ancestor

8. Plant Review
• Four main groups of plants
1. Bryophytes (Moss)
NO
SEEDS 2. Seedless vascular plants
(Ferns)
3. Gymnosperms (Cone bearing
SEED plants)
PLANTS
• Form seeds in “cones.”
1. Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
• Form seeds inside of “flowers.”

9. Bryophytes
•Non-vascular plants
•Obtain/transfer water by osmosis
•No true roots, leaves, stems
•“Rhizoids”– anchor plant to ground
•Low-growing (only few inches high)
•Grow moist, shaded areas
•Ex) Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

10. Life Cycle Bryophytes
• Gametophyte is dominant stage
• Depends on water to reproduce
• Spore protonema (tangled mass green filaments)
develop into gametophyte plant
• Specific structures make reproductive cells at tips
of gametophyte plant
• Antheridia = sperm and Archegonia = egg
• Join create diploid zygotes = sporophyte stage

11. Seedless Vascular Plants
• 1st true land plants
• Contain “vascular
tissue”
• Ex) Ferns, club
moss, horsetails

12. Structure: Seedless Vascular Plants
• 2 Types of vascular tissue:
-xylem – moves water from roots to all
parts of plants
-phloem – distributes nutrients and
carbohyrates (food) within plant
• Have roots, leaves, and stems
-roots – absorb water/nutrients
-leaves – site photosynthesis
-stems – support plant and connect
leaves and roots
• Ferns have strong roots called “rhizomes” and
very large leaves called “fronds.”

13. Fern Life Cycle
• Sporophyte dominant stage
• Grow haploid spores underside of fronds in structures called
sporangia (clustered sporangia = sori)
• Spores carried by wind and water  grow into haploid
gametophyte
• Gametophyte makes antheridia and archegonium which release
sperm and eggs.
• Zygotes form adult, diploid, sporophyte.

14. Gymnosperms
•Reproduce with seeds instead of spores
•Do not require water for reproduction
•Seeds are “exposed” = naked seeds
•Seed produced inside cone-like structure
•Ex) “Conifers/Evergreens”–fir, spruce, ginko

15. Angiosperms
• Most common of all land plants.
• Seeds develop inside ovary within a
“flower”
• Flowers attract animals to support
pollination.
• After “fertilization” seed within flower
develops into “fruit.”
• Angiosperms = “enclosed seed”
• 2 groups angiosperms:
1) Monocots
2) Dicots

17. Life Spans Angiosperms
• Annuals- survive one season
• Biennials- take 2 years to complete
life cycle
• Perennials- live many years