1. BREEDING
“It is an application of genetic principles to improving
heriditory for economically important traits in domestic
animals.”
Ex: Improving of milk production in dairy animals
Egg production in chickens

2.  Produce individuals with superior merits
 Improvement of the characteristics.
 Production of new traits.
Advantages

3. Methods
Hand mating
Pair mating
Harem mating

4. Hand mating: In this method male and female are
brought together for a brief period and then separated
once the mating is over.
Ex : Rabbits and Hamsters are mated by this
method

5. Pair mating : This is the method in which male and
females are mated together rest of their breeding life.
In this method in case of mice one male mated with
one female , and left together for the rest of their
breeding life.
In the case of rats, pregnant females should be
isolated prior to delivery.

6. Harem mating : In this method males and females are
run together , but separated prior to parturition
In this method four females are regularly mated with
one male.
The female is separated soon after the pregnancy is
established, and replaced by fresh females.
Ex : guinea pigs are mated by this method.

7. Breeding methods
In breeding
Close breeding
Line breeding
Out breeding
Out crossing
Cross breeding : Criss crossing
Triple crossing
Back crossing
Grading up
Mutations

8. INBREEDING
“The crossing of two closely related genes is called
inbreeding.”
In this individuals are mated 4-6 generations.
Objective
Develop lines which commercially used.
Inbreed should have at least 50% coefficient of inbreed.

9. Advantages
 It is used to return desirable genetic characters.
 Identify harm full genes.
 Increase frequency of homozygocity .
Disadvantages
 Higher susceptibility to genetic disorders.
 Risk of inbreeding depression I . e infertility , delayed
maturity , slow growth , decrease egg production.
 hybrid vigor and fertility were lost due to repeated
inbreeding.

10. Line breeding : This is the breeding of animals that share
common ancestors but are not closely related.
 Line-breeding over successive generations will result
in more variations of physical appearance
Close breeding : In this mating the breeding is done
between brother-sister , dam-son etc.

11. Out-breeding
 The crossing of distantly related animals is called
Out -breeding.
 In this method it is possible to breed a desirable type
of animal with a less desirable type and then to
increase the degree of desirable traits.
Advantages :
 New and high yielding genes can be introduced into
the population through out -breeding.
 They produce some valuable traits
 Can create new breeds
 Can produce a hybrid of superior vigor and value.
Disadvantages :
 Introduction of new genes into population.

12. Out – crossing : It is system of mating where un related
animals with in the same breed.
Cross breeding :
a) Criss cross : Mating of two different breeds
alternatively.
In pigs
Hampshire Vs Landrace
Progeny 1 Vs Hampshire
Progeny 2 Vs Landrace
It can produce pigs with different levels of inheritance.

13. b)Triple crossing : mating of three different breeds in
rotational manner.
 Cross breeds have different proportions for all three
breeds.
Hampshire Vs landrace
• Progeny 1 Vs large black
Progeny 2 Vs Hampshire
Progeny 3 Vs Landrace

14. c)Back crossing : Mating of cross bred animals to one of
pure bred parents which were used to produce them.
Aa Vs AA
2AA , 2Aa
Grading up:
 It is the system of breeding purebred sire to non
descript breed generation after generation.
 Level of exotic breed inheritance increase upgraded
stock up to 99% in the 7th generation.
 Selection and breeding are two main tools to produce
superior individual.

15. “sudden change in the genetic material”
The new traits into populations can also be induced
through mutations.
Most of the mutations are harmful and the process of
induction of this method of improvement of animals is
impractical.
Eg : poultry that is resistant to white diarrhoea ,
increased egg production in fowls, increased fat
content in milk and better meat yielding in Turkeys etc.
Mutations

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