Disaster management

ABSTRACT
The report is based on the studies of management
system and design methods considered pre – during
and post disaster
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SEMESTER VII , 2015

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PHASES IN DM
3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN :
• City – Japan
• Hotel – Ginger , Surat
• High Rise Residential
• Fire Station
• Institution
• Office Building – Burj Khalifa
• Residence

• Disaster management (or emergency management) is
the creation of plans through which communities reduce
vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.
• Disaster management does not avert or eliminate the
threats, instead it focuses on creating plans to decrease the
impact of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to
damage to assets, human mortality, and lost revenue.
• Events covered by disaster management include acts
of terrorism, industrial sabotage, fire, natural disasters (such
as earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), public disorder, industrial
accidents, and communication failures.
• The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster
management as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters
INTRODUCTION
• There is no country that is immune from disaster, though
vulnerability to disaster varies. There are four main types
of disaster.
• Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes,
earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate
impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing
further death and suffering from (for example) floods,
landslides, fires, tsunamis.
• Environmental emergencies: including technological or
industrial accidents, usually involving the production, use
or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where
these materials are produced, used or transported, and
forest fires caused by humans.
• Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of
authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations,
including conflict situations and war.
• Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of
contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services
and businesses, brings economic and social costs.
TYPES OF DISASTERS

• Mitigation: any activity that reduces either the
chance of a hazard taking place or a hazard
turning into disaster.
• Risk reduction: anticipatory measures and
actions that seek to avoid future risks as a
result of a disaster.
• Prevention: avoiding and reduce the chances of
disaster, usually the impact and damage of
disaster.
• Preparedness: plans or preparations made to
save lives or property, and help the response
and rescue service operations. This phase
covers implementation/operation, early
warning systems and capacity building so the
population will react appropriately when an
early warning is issued.
• Response: includes actions taken to save lives
and prevent property damage, and to preserve
the environment during emergencies or
disasters. The response phase is the
implementation of action plans.
• Recovery: includes actions that assist a
community to return to a sense of normalcy
after a disaster.
PHASES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Mitigation – designing a tunnel
Preparedness
During disaster
After disaster

DISASTER PROFILE OF JAPAN
•Historically, destructive natural disasters have posed
greatest challenge for Japanese society.
•Unfavorable geographical, topographical and
meteorological conditions of the country have made it one
of the most disaster prone countries in the world.
•Japan is subject to about 20.5 % earthquakes with the
magnitude 6 or more and 7 % the world’s active volcanoes
is located on its territory.
•The most frequent natural hazards in Japan are
earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, volcano eruptions, floods
and landslides.
•Occasional torrential rains and heavy snows are another
challenge for the country.
•The high number of earthquakes, tsunamis and active
volcanoes are the conditioned by the fact that territory of
Japan forms the part Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt which is
sometimes called as Pacific Ring of Fire.
•Japan is located at the junction of 4 tectonic plates –
Eurasian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate and
Philippine Sea –which is the cause of high seismicity of its
territory.
Seismic areas for reinforcing and
promoting disaster reduction
measures related to the Tokai,
Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes
District (undesignated) for
promoting seismic disaster
reduction measures related to
earthquakes along the Japan
Trench and the Chishima Trench
Suruga
Trough
Japan and its major seacoasts
Disaster prone areas Japan located at junction of 4 tectonic plates

Historical Damaging Tsunamis along Japanese Coast (in last 150 years)
1) The number includes dead or missing from earthquakes.
2) Tsunami generated at far off Japanese coast.
Name (Magnitude) Year Dead or Missing
Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.5) 1896 22,000
Showa-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.1) 1933 3,064
Tonankai Earthquake (M7.9) 1944 1,251 1)
Nankai Earthquake (M8.0) 1946 1,443 1)
Chile Earthquake (Mw9.5) 2) 1960 142
Tokachi-Oki Earthquake (M7.9) 1968 52 1)
Nihonkai-Cyubu Earthquake (M7.7) 1983 104 1)
Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake (M7.8) 1993 230 1)
DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF JAPAN
•Various disaster management related laws adopted since late 40s
has laid down the legal framework for the disaster management
system of Japan.
These laws cover all phases of disaster management –
1. preparedness,
2.Prevention/mitigation,
3.response and
4.recovery/rehabilitation
The enactment of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (DCBA) is
considered to be the turning point in the history of modern disaster
management system of Japan.
The DCBA which covers all phases of disaster management and
stipulates establishment of disaster management councils at three
levels:
1.national – Central Disaster Management Council;
2.Prefectural – Local Disaster Management Council and
3.Municipal Disaster Management Councils
As well as defines organization and duties of these councils and
defines conditions for establishment of headquarters for disaster
control in case of emergency.
The SELF DEFENCE FORCES or SDF conducts a
• variety of disaster relief operations in collaboration with
municipal governments when disasters such as natural disasters
occur in any part of the country, by engaging in the search and
rescue of disaster victims or missing ships or aircraft, controlling
floods, offering medical treatment, preventing epidemics,
supplying water, and transporting personnel and goods.

Tsunami countermeasures taken by local municipalities and communities
Evacuation drill on Tsunami
(Taro Town, Iwate Pref.)
Group session on evacuation plan
(Urado-District, Kochi Pref.)
Tsunami countermeasures taken by local municipalities and communities
Meeting on the disaster map
(Bungo-Takada-city, Oita Pref.)
Drill for disaster management with maps
(Hyga-city, Oita Pref.)
OVERVIEW OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Likewise, its national government system, disaster management
in Japan is also vested on 3-layered system – national, prefectural
and municipal layers.
Outline of disaster management system in Japan

•Basic Disaster Management Plan is prepared by the
Central Disaster Management Council and basis plan
for disaster management activities. The plan must be
based on Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act. The
structure of it is as shown in the figure below:
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN
JAPAN IS IMPLEMENTED AT THREE LEVELS:
•Disaster Management Operation Plan is made by
each designated government organization and
designated public corporation based on the Basic
Disaster Management Plan.
•Local Disaster Management Plan is made by
prefectural and municipal disaster management
councils, subject to local circumstances and based
on Basic Disaster Management Plan.
OUTLINE OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

FLOOD CONTROL
River and Flood Management in Japan is regulated
based on the River Act and Flood Control Act
respectively.
The River Act, besides setting the basic rules for river
administration defines major flood prevention
measures whereas the purpose of the Flood Control
Act, aka, Flood Fighting Law is to watch for and guard
against water-related disasters caused by floods or
storm surges and mitigate damage in order to
maintain public safety.
• According to Flood Control Act the municipalities
assumes the primary and full responsibility for
flood fighting activities within their respective
territories.
• The following flood mitigation measures are
conducted based on the Flood Control Act: Patrol
of river, Mobilization of flood-fighting and fire-
fighting organizations, Ordering residents to
evacuate, Reporting and publishing water levels
• The Act plays an important role in the reduction of
flood damage. It has provisions governing the
following matters.
1. Flood forecast to guide evacuation, etc. (jointly
issued by a river administrator and the Japan
Meteorological Agency).
2. Flood fighting warning to guide flood fighting
activities (issued by a river administrator).
3. Public announcement by a river administrator of
flood prone areas along each major river and
preparation of a hazard map by each municipality
based on the assumed flood prone areas. Weather and Disaster Information Dissemination by JMA
Water Discharge Tunnel
When the tanks and tunnel fill, engineers
turn on the heart of the system, which is a
series of four turbines powered by jet
engines similar to those used in a Boeing
737 airplane.
The turbines are then able to rapidly
funnel floodwaters to the nearby Edo
River.

TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM ELEMENTS
Communication & Transmission of Tsunami Warning
to Localities & Civil Defense Authorities
SignboardCentral Government
/Radio Station
Radio
TV Telops, Warning maps
TSUNAMI
Local
government

Tsunami Hazard Area
Tsunami Evacuation
Area
Tsunami Evacuation
Building
PICTOGRAM ON TSUNAMI
There is a high possibility to
be flooded in this area
when earthquake occurs.
Safe place/hill for evacuation
against Tsunami.
Building for evacuation against Tsunami.
TSUNAMI EVACUATION MAP
Inundated level of previous
Tsunami

Emergency Warning System (EWS) utilized in
collaboration the JMA is carried out only in special
emergency cases such as large-scale tsunami and earthquake
warnings or based on the request of governors and mayors.
In striving to alert as many people as possible, the system
switches on tv sets and radios – 4 tv channels and 3 radio
channels belong to NHK - automatically.
Since 1985 the EWS alert has been issued 18 times – all of
them for tsunami warnings, while the test transmission is
conducted every month and emergency drills held every day
by NHK.
• To ensure quick and live broadcasting from disaster hit
areas NHK owns 14 helicopters – which are equipped with
necessary devices for live broadcasting – stationed at 12
locations and 460 remote controlled cameras installed
countrywide.
• In addition, the official web-page of NHK also provides
disaster and weather information and enables watching two
channels – General TV and NHK World TV - online.
NHK
- Japan's national public broadcasting organization.
showing Seismic Intensity by Miyagi-ken Earthquake on 26 July 2003
Tsunami warning broadcasting

Safe Evacuation
Route
Appropriate Risk Awaweness of Local Communities
PROMOTING BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT “TSUNAMI” DISASTER
Understanding of
Hazardous Areas
+
Early Warning
=
Safe Evacuation

Letting residents in coastal areas and visitors
know the hazard map through various
opportunities
Tsunami drills
Showing information on disaster risks and
evacuation routes, etc.
Tsunami Hazard Map Susaki City
National Government prepared a guideline for help local authorities to make and use hazard maps.
TSUNAMI HAZARD MAPS
- Identifying and showing vulnerable areas
- Enhancing people’s awareness
Purpose

DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF FIRE
In the case of large-scale disasters when firefighting organizations
cannot cope alone, elite emergency rescue teams of the FDMA, known
as, Emergency Fire Response Teams assist them.
Leader of the municipal teams supervise municipal teams and manage
their activities.
Below the structure of Emergency Response Fire Teams is described:
Firefighting Teams: Assist in putting out fires to prevent the spread of
flames during large-scale fires.
Rescue Teams: Ensure preparation of equipment used for advanced
rescue, search for persons requiring rescuing and assist in rescue
efforts.
Emergency Teams: Ensure preparation of equipment used for high-level
emergencies and assist in emergency activities
Logistical Support Teams: Assist in required transport and resupply
using vehicles equipped with water supply systems to support the
activities of each team.
Special Disaster Teams: Firefighting teams for responding to special
types of disasters, including poisonous substances and major toxic spills.
Special Equipment Teams: Firefighting teams for responding to special
equipment, including those required by teams for rescues in flooded
areas and carrying water to remote areas.
Air Squadrons: Firefighting activities conducted using fire protection
helicopters.
Marine Squadrons: Firefighting activities conducted using fireboats.
TSUNAMI COUNTERMEASURES TAKEN BY LOCAL
MUNICIPALITIES AND COMMUNITIES
Check of the dangerous points
(Nansei-Town, Mie Pref.)
Training for supplying food
(Yawatahama-city, Ehime Pref.)

SPACE STANDARDS
(Mts)
GINGER HOTEL (Mts)
WIDTH OF PASSAGE 0.75 (MIN) 1.5
WIDTH OF STAIRCASE 2 1.7
DISTANCE OF
STAIRCASE FROM
ROOMS
25 25
WIDTH OF FIRE ESCAPE 0.75 (MIN) 1.5
TYPE OF
INSTALLATION
CHECK
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
HOSE REEL
DRY RISER
WET RISER
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
MANNUALLY OPERATED FIRE
ALARMS
AUTOMATIC DETECTION
AND ALARM SYSTEMS
Disaster Management – Hotel
HOTEL GINGER

CRITICAL ANALYSIS
 NO BREATHER OR BUFFER SPACE PROVIDED TO CONTROL CROWD.
 PASSAGE WIDTH IS INSUFFICIENT. (NOT MORE THAN 2 PEOPLE CAN ESCAPE AT A TIME.)
 IMPROPER STAIRCASE LOCATION
 STAIRCASE IS THE PART OF THE BUILDING AND NOT PROVIDED EXTERNALLY AS A FIRE ESCAPE.
 ONLY ONE ELEVATOR. (4 PERSONS)
 SINGLE WINDOW IN ROOMS THAT DO NOT OPEN EASILY.
 ATRIUM CANNOT BE USED FOR CROWD MANAGEMENT DURING CHAOS.
 EMERGENCY STAIRCASE DO NOT SERVE THE PURPOSE.
Disaster Management – Hotel

Archers Tavern Hotel, Washington, United States (Case study)
Disaster Management – HOTEL
LOCATION
VIEW OF THE HOTEL

ANALYSIS
 CLEARLY DEFINED EXITS.
 NUMEROUS EXITS FOR EASY ESCAPE.
 ENOUGH BREATHER SPACE TO CONTROL CROWD DURING
CHAOS.
 THE STANDARD CODES ARE FOLLOWED AND EQUIPMENTS
ARE INSTALLED AT APPROPRIATE LOCATION.
Assembly Areas
Dry Chemical Powder
Extinguisher
Alternate Path
Path Of Exit
Emergency Warning
System
Manual Call Point
Emergency Exit
Fire
Hose
Reel
Fire
Indicator
Panel
Main
Switch
Board
Fire
Door
Switch
Board

MAIN ENTRY
Design Proposal
ANALYSIS (PROPOSED PLAN)
 4 EXIT POINTS TO TACKLE CROWD EFFICIENTLY DURING ANY SITUATION.
 BUFFER SPACES TO HELP OUT SOURCE CROWD DURING FIRE.
 WIDENED PASSAGES HELP IN ESCAPE OF TENANTS WITHOUT CAUSING ANY FURTHER DISASTER LIKE STAMPEDE.
 STAIRCASE ARE PROVIDED EXTERNALLY WHICH IS LESS VULNERABLE TO FIRE AND HELPS IN EVACUATION.
 NUMBERS OF ELEVATORS ARE INCREASED FOR CROWD MANAGEMENT.

• A fire must have three things to ignite
and maintain combustion:
•Fuel
•Heat
•Oxygen
• The basic strategy of fire prevention is to
control or isolate sources of fuel and
heat in order to prevent combustion. If
all three are not present in sufficient
quantities a fire will not ignite or a fire
will not be able to sustain combustion.
• The primary goal of fire safety efforts is
to protect building occupants from
injury and to prevent loss of life and
prevent property damage. According to
Indian law, minimal fire safety
equipment is mandatory for any
developed property.
• These laws are given by the national
building code, which is a document
containing standardized requirement for
the design & construction of most types
of building in the country.
Disaster Management – High-rise Building
STRATEGY OF FIRE PREVENTION FIRE SAFETY AND REGULATIONS
• The National Building Code (NBC) is a national instrument that guides
the regulations for construction activity.
• It contains all the important aspects relevant for safe and orderly
building development.
• The building that does not satisfy building code or violation of
National building code will lead to penalty, cancellation of sanction or
demolition of the building
• Demarcations:- A city or area under the jurisdiction of the authority
shall for the purpose, of the Code, be demarcated into distinct zones,
based on fire hazards inherent in the buildings and structures
according to Occupancy that shall be called as “ Fire Zones”.
Fire Zone 1:-
Residential, educational,
institutional, assembly, small
business and retail
mercantile buildings.
Fire Zone 2:-
Business and Industrial
Buildings except High Hazard
Industrial Buildings.
Fire Zone 3:-
High Hazard Industrial
Building, Storage Building
and Buildings for
Hazardous Use.

GUIDELINES FOR FIRE DRILL AND EVACUATION
PROCEDURES FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
• SIGNS AND PLANS :-
• Floor Numbering Signs:- A sign shall be posted and
maintained within each stair enclosure on every
floor, indicating the number of the floor.
• Stair and Elevator Identification Signs:- Each
stairway and each elevator shall be identified by an
alphabetical order.
• FIRE SAFETY PLAN :-
• The Fire Safety Plan shall be distributed to all the
tenants and workers of the building after it has
been approved by the Fire Authority.
• FIRE COMMAND STATION:-
• Shall be established in the lobby of the building on
the entrance floor, adequately illuminated, and
furnished with copies of the floor plans and the
fire safety plans of the building.
• COMMUNICATIONS AND FIRE ALARM :-
• A means of communication and fire alarm for use
during fire emergencies shall be provided and
maintained by the owner or person in charge of
the building.
ESCAPE ROUTES
• All escape routes should be unobstructed and
immediately available for use at all times
• All signs on escape routes should be clearly visible and
adequately illuminated Escape routes should not be
used for storage
• Upholstered furniture should not be provided in
corridors or within stairway enclosures
• All doors on escape routes should be capable of being
readily and easily opened at all times Curtains, drapes
or hangings should not be placed across or along an
escape route in a manner which would obstruct escape
• floor coverings, rugs and mats should not present a slip
or trip hazard in the escape routes
• Fire doors on escape routes should be kept closed
unless they are fitted with automatic hold-open
devices

FIRE SAFETY IN HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
1) General Exit Requirements :-
• A doorway, corridor, passageway to
an internal or external staircase
which have access to the street or to
the roof of the building or a refuge
area. May include horizontal exit
leading to the adjoining building at
same level
• Shall be continuously maintained
free of all obstructions or
impediments in case of use in an
emergency and shall provide
continuous means of egress to
exterior.
doorway
staircase
Passage
way
2) Fire Access Stair Cases :-
• Buildings having an area of more
than 500 sq.m per floor shall
have a minimum of two
staircases.
• Total floor area : 300 sq.m
Floor area Floor area
stairs

WIDTH
1000 MM
3) Doorways:-
• Shall open into an enclosed stairways or a
horizontal exit of a corridor providing protected
means of egress.
• Shall not be less than 1000mm in width, except in
assembly buildings where it should not be less
than 2000mm in width. Shall not be less than
2000mm in height
4) Corridors and Passageways:-
• Width shall not be less than the width of
the exit doorways leading out from them
• Height shall not be less than 2400mm.
• Shall be adequately ventilated.
VENTILATION
FLOOR HEIGHT
3000 MM

5) Internal Staircases:-
– Shall be composed of non-combustible
materials throughout.
– External wall of building shall constitute one
of its sides.
– Shall not be arranged around a lift shaft.
– Minimum flight width=1000mm, Maximum
flight
– width=2000mm.
– Minimum tread = 250mm, Maximum
riser=190mm, Minimum
– Head Room=2200mm.
– (varying slightly based on classification of
buildings).
6) External Staircases:-
• An external staircase is desirable to be provided for high rise
buildings.
• Shall be kept in sound operable condition.
• Shall be directly connected to the ground.
• Entrance shall be separate and remote from the internal
staircase.
• Route to the external stairs shall be free of obstruction at all
times.
• Shall have straight flight not less than 1250mm wide with
250mm treads and risers not more than 190mm. The
number of risers shall be restricted to 15 per flight.
• Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000mm and not
exceeding 1200mm. Provision of balusters with maximum
gap of 150mm.
• The use of spiral staircase shall not be less than 1500mm in
diameter and shall be designed to give adequate headroom.
External
stairs
proposed

7) Refuge Areas:-
– Shall be provided on the periphery of the floor
or preferably on a cantilever projection and
open to air at least on one side protected with
suitable railing.
– For floors above 24 m and up to 39m- one
refuge area on the floor immediately above
24m.
– For floors above 39m – one refuge area on the
floor immediately above 39 m and so on after
every 15m.
15m
floors above 24 m
9) BASEMENT:-
• Each basement shall be separately
ventilated.
• Staircase of basement shall be enclosed
type.
10) SERVICE DUCTS / SHAFTS:-
• Service Ducts should be enclosed by
walls of 2h and doors of 1h fire rating.
• A vent opening at the top of the service
shaft shall be provided.
SERVICES
DUCTS

11) PROVISION OF FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES
•The first aid fire fighting equipment shall be provided on all floors
including basements, lift rooms, etc. In accordance with good
practice in consultation with the authority.

12) ELECTRICAL SERVICES:-
• Electric Distribution Cables / Wiring shall be laid in a
separate duct.
• Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipes and
any other service pipes shall not be laid in the same duct as
the electrical cables.
• Fire fighting pumps, lifts, staircases and corridor lighting
and blowers for pressurizing system shall be laid in separate
conduit pipes.
DUCT
FOR
ELECTRIC
SERVICES
DUCT
FOR
ELECTRIC
SERVICES

13) GAS SUPPLY :-
• Gas pipes, if present, should
be laid in a separate shaft
exclusively for this purpose,
on external walls away from
the staircases.
DUCT
FOR GAS
PIPELINES
DUCT
FOR GAS
PIPELINES

14) STAND BY ELECTRIC GENERATOR :-
•A stand by electric generator shall be installed to supply
power to staircase and corridor lighting circuits, fire lifts,
stand by fire pumps, and all other fire fighting systems in
case of failure of normal .
ELECTRIC GENERATOR

15) FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Two Types: -
• Manually Operated Electric Fire Alarm
System (MOEFA)
• Automatic Fire Alarm System (above 30m height).
MANUAL FIRE
ALARM

16) FIRE CONTROL ROOM
• To be placed at the entrance floor of the building
with communication systems to all floors and
facilities for receiving the message from different
floors.
MANUAL FIRE
ALARM

Disaster Management – Fire Station 1
FIRE STATION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

Disaster Management – Fire Station
MAJURA GATE – FIRESTATION
• Site Location : Majura Gate, Surat.
• Building Type : Service Building (Govt.)
• Operator : Surat Municipal
Corporation (S.M.C)
• Site Area : 6,230 SQ M
• Built : 2112 SQ M (33.41%)
• Zone : South – West Zone
Majura Gate – Fire Station
Images By Google Maps
Google Maps
Ghod-dod Road
New Civil Road
Fire Stations In Surat Flood Prone Area

Disaster Management – Fire Station 1
Majura Gate – Fire Station
SMC – Web site – www.smc.org
Functions:
• Administration Building Hazes
• Station Commander Office
• Radio Room/ Watch Room
• Meeting Room
• Fire Engine Hall
• Storage For Spare Parts And Chemical Equipment
• Locker Room/ Changing Room
• Garage/ Washing Room
• Training Area
• Parking Facilities
• Housing Facilities- 36 Units Total
Equipment Number
Fire brigade 7-8
Water browser 1
Hydrolic 3
Foam tender 1
Foam nurser 2
Water tanker 2
Dry chemical powder 1
Casualty van 2
Ambulance 3
Rescue boats 10-12
Bus 1
jeeps 2
Detail
• Housing facilities- 36 units total
• 80 workers- 40 per shift
• 1 main office
• 3 office for worker
• Communication between workers by walkie talkie
• Communication between workers and public – fire control room
• Height of the parking area 4.5 m
• Area 5m x 10 m
• Water collection – from khatodra pumping station

Disaster Management – Institute 1
GUJARAT INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Case Study
• Site Location : G.I.D.M., Raysen, Gandhinagar
• Building Type : Institution (Government)
• Operator : Government Of Gujarat
• Architect : Bimal Patel
• Year Of Construction : 2012
• Site Area : 21000 Sq. Meter
• Built Area : 5680 Sq. Meter
Introduction
• National Disaster Management Authority (N.D.M.A.) After January
26, 2001 Gujarat Earthquake Established Gujarat State Disaster
Management Authority (G.S.D.M.A.)
• G.S.D.M.A. Is Governed By Chief Minister Of Gujarat Directly.
• In 2009 The C.M. Of Gujarat Proposed An Institute For The Disaster
Management Named G.I.D.M.
• G.I.D.M. Provides Disaster Management Training Program For
Government Officers, N.G.O., Trainers, Students.
• Reactive To Proactive Programs Are Provided In Training.
• It Covers Various Fields Like Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness,
Relief, Recovery, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction.
ACTIVITY
NO OF
PERSON
AREA
Appartus Bay 50x10=500
Office 15 30x12=360
Lecture Room 40X5=200 40x5=200
Dormitory 70 700x3=2100
Toilet 30x3=90
Storage 410
Activity Hall 200 450
Conference
Room 55 60+40=100
Auditorium 300 410
Seminar Room 35 115
Computer Lab 30 115
Library 42 230
Gym 25 300
Dinning Hall +
Kitchen 50 300
TOTAL AREA 200 5680

1
Gujarat Institute Of Disaster Management
Case Study
SEMINAR HALLDORMITORYDINNING HALL
ACTIVITY HALL
GYM TENNIS COURT LECTURE ROOM
CONFERENCE ROOM AUDITORIUM
Disaster Management – Institute

Main entry
GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

Disaster Management – Commertial 1
DISASTER MANAGEMENT – COMMERCIAL

Disaster Management COMMERCIAL 1
BURJ KHALIFA (DUBAI)
GENERAL INFORMATION
•The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever
built by man, Figure 1, that rises 828 meters into
Dubai skyline tall and it consists of 162 floors above
grade and 3 basement levels. While integrating wind
engineering principles and aerodynamic shaping into
the architectural design concept was an important
consideration in mitigating and taming the dynamic
wind effects, managing the gravity load flow to the
building extremities was equally significant in
overcoming the overturning moment due to extreme
lateral loads. Most of the tower overturning
resistance is managed mostly by the tower’s own
gravity loads. In addition, all the vertical members are
proportioned to resist gravity loads on equal stress
basis to overcome the differential column shortening
issues that are generally difficult to manage in
supertall buildings.
•The structure of Burj Khalifa was designed to
behave like a giant column with cross sectional
shape that is a reflection of the building massing and
profile.
•The Burj Khalifa project is a multi-use development
tower with a total floor area of 460,000 square
meters that includes residential, hotel, commercial,
office, entertainment, shopping, leisure, and parking
facilities.
http://partsolutions.com/worlds-highest-flyby-the-burj-khalifa-the-tallest-building-in-the-world/
StructuralSteel
BracedFrame
System
ReinforcedConcreteCorewall/Frame
System
. Lateral Load Resisting System and photo of the completed tower

Disaster Management – COMMERCIAL
STRUCTURE OF BUILDING
• To determine the wind loading on the main structure wind tunnel tests were
undertaken early in the design using the high-frequency-force balance
technique. In this well established technique, (Tschanz, 1980), the model
itself is rigid and is rnould on a fast response force balance. It is then tested
in a boundary layer wind tunnel where it is subjected to a simulated wind in
which the full scale wind profile and wind turbulence are properly
reproduced at model scale The advantage of the technique is that it is
relatively quick to undertake and provides the complete spectra of the wind-
generated modal forces acting on the tower The wind tunnel data were then
combined with the dynamic properties of the tower in order to compute the
tower's dynamic response and the overall effective wind force distributions
at full scale For the Burj Dubai the )0111 results of the force balance tests
were used as early input for the structural design and allowed parametric
studies to be undertaken on the effects of varying the tower's Higher imp to
stiffness and mass distribution The Lower impaei wind ditto ion building has
essentially sin important wind directions Three of wind direction the
directions are when the wind blows directly into a wing The wind is blowing
into the 'nose" or cut water effect of each wing (Nose A. Nose B and Nose C).
The other three directions are when the wind blows in between two wings.
These Figure ?Plan view were termed as the lair directions (Tail A, Tail B and
Tail C) It was noticed that the force spectra for different wind directions
showed less excitation in the important frequency range for winds impacting
the pointed or nose end of a wing. see Figure 2. than from the opposite
direction (tail) This was born in mind when selecting the orientation of the
tower relative to the most frequent strong wind directions for Dubai:
northwest. south and east
• Several rounds of force balance tests were undertaken as the geometry of
the tower evolved and was refined architecturally The three wings set back
in a clockwise sequence with the A wing setting back first After each round of
wind tunnel testing. the data was analyzed and the building was reshaped to
minimize wind effects and accommodate unrelated changes in the Client's
program. In general. the number and spacing of the set backs changed as did
the shape of wings. This process resulted in a substantial reduction in wind
forces on the tower by "confusing" the wind.
http://partsolutions.com/worlds-highest-flyby-the-burj-khalifa-the-tallest-building-in-the-world/

WIND LOAD RESISTANCE
• Themade a study on the Sears tower at Chicago.
• Burj Khalifa was designed in triangular shape because it was suitable
to deflect the wind to different ways.
• Triangular shape reduces vortex effect.
• Several rounds of force balance tests were undertaken as the
geometry of the tower evolved and was refined architecturally The
three wings set back in a clockwise sequence with the A wing setting
back first. After each round of wind tunnel testing. the data was
analyzed and the building was reshaped to minimize wind effects and
accommodate unrelated changes in the Client's program In general.
the number and spacing of the set backs changed as did the shape of
wings This process resulted in a substantial reduction in wind forces
on the tower by confusing' the wind.
• Figure 3 is a plot of the response of original building configuration
and the response after several refinements of the architectural
massing In these plots the horizontal axis is the wind tunnel model
frequency that can be related to the recurrence interval for wind
events and the vertical axis is proportional to the resonant dynamic
forces divided by the square of the wind velocity.
• Towards the end of design aero elastic model tests were initiated An
aeroelasatic model is flexible in the same manner as the real
building. with property scaled stiffness. mass and damping It is more
accurate than a force balance study since the aercelastic interaction
between the structure and wind is fully simulated including such
effects as aerodynamic damping. and also the statistics of the
dynamic response can be measured directly providing a more
accurate determination of the relationship between peak response
and RMS response.
• For the Burl Dubai the modal deflection shapes were similar to those
of a tapered cantilevered column. Therefore it was possible to obtain
excellent agreement between frequencies and mode shapes on the
model with those predicted at full scale by using a single

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY PLAN SYSTEM
•The capacity of concrete surrounds of total stairwells besides building
service and fireman's elevator has been so effective that it can easily
bear 5,500 kg.
•That is why it is known for being the tallest service elevator in the world.
•The design of Burj Khalifa undertook with special attention to the fire
safety and evacuation speed.
• Pressurized and air-conditioned refuge areas are designed on almost
every 25 floor of this tower to ensure better safety as occupants can’t
literally walk down to 160 floors in one go.
•EVACUATION AND FIRE SAFETY
The Burj is naturally fire resistant because
of the concrete backbone
More than that the Burj consist of refuge
rooms
These refuge rooms are made of RCC and
fire proof sheets that resist the heat up to
2hrs
These refuge rooms have a special supply
of air which pumps through fire resistant
pipes
The Burj fire safety system mainly consist
of 3 components
i. A smoke detector
ii. Water sprinkler
iii. High power fans
As the water is sprinkled the fire gets
extinguished
High power fans supplies fresh air by
pushing the smoke out

FOUNDATION SYSTEM
The Tower is founded on 3700mm thick high performance reinforced
concrete pile supported raft foundation at -7.55 DMD. The
reinforced concrete raft foundation utilizes high performance Self
Compacting Concrete (SCC) and is placed over a minimum 100mm
blinding slab over waterproofing membrane, over at least 50mm
blinding slab. The raft foundation bottom and all sides are protected
with waterproofing membrane.
The tower is founded on 192 -150mm diameter high performance
reinforced concrete bored piles, extending approximately 45 meters
below the base of the raft. All piles utilize self compacting concrete
(SCC) with w/c ratio not exceeding 0.30, placed in one continuous
concrete pour using the tremie method. The final pile elevations are
founded at -55 DMD to achieve the assumed pile capacities of 3000
Tonnes.
In addition to providing high performance, high durability concrete for
the tower foundation systems, a complete waterproofing membrane
and cathodic protection systems were provided to protect against the
corrosive soil conditions at the tower site.
Tower raft foundation plan and photo of raft construction

FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
The residential and hotel floor framing system of the Tower consists
of 200mm to 300mm two-way reinforced concrete flat plate slab
spanning approximately 9 meters between the exterior columns and
the interior core wall, which later modified to flat plate construction
with 50mm additional taperd at thet supports. The floor framing
system at the tips of the tower floor consists of a 225mm to 250mm
two-way reinforced concrete flat slab system with 150mm
droppanels. The floor framing system within the interior core
consists of a two way reinforced concrete slab with beams. See
Figure 5 for typical floor framing system at typical residential and
mechanical levels. At the mechnical level, note that all the vertical
elements are tied to equalize the stress ditribution at all vertical
elements (walls & columns).
. Typical Floor Framing Plans at a) typical hotel level and at b)
Typical Mechanical Level

Disaster Management COMMERCIAL
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The Burj Khalifa Project is now the tallest building in the world and the
tallest manmade structure. While developing the structural system
requirements and integrating them into the architectural design concept
was a novel task, the construction planning of the tower was very
challenging in every aspect and it required the utilization of the latest
technological advances in construction methods and techniques to build the
tower to high degree of accuracy, similar or better than that used for steel
construction; thus requiring the implementation of state-of-the art survey
and structural health monitoring program that comprised of:
➢Extensive Survey Monitoring Program to measure the foundation
settlement, column shortening, and lateral building movement during
construction,
➢Installation of Strain gages to measure the total strains at the main
structural members including, piles, raft foundation, walls, columns,
and outrigger shear wall panels.
➢Installation of the temporary real-time health monitoring program to
measure the building lateral displacement and acceleration during
construction, and to identify the building dynamic characteristics
(frequencies, damping, etc) during construction. This system included
bi-directional accelerometers, GPS system, and weather station (wind
speed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature).
Installation of a permanent real-time structural health monitoring
(SHM) program to measure the building motions (acceleration,
displacement) due to lateral loads (wind, andseismic in particular),
and any other unexpected lateral loads. In addition to the installation
of GPS System, bi-directional accelerometers and sonimometers were
installed at several levels along the building height to provide real
time building accelerations and wind data. The installation of these
devices in essence resulted in 1) the development of full scale
aeroelastic model of the tower while providing full feedback and
details on the dynamic characteristics of the tower, 2) sufficient data to
assess the fatigue behavior of the steel structure in general and at the
pinnacle in particular, 3) wind speed and distribution along the building
height, and 4) most importantly providing the building facility and
management team real-time information on the building movements
and characteristics to allow them make better and almost instant
management decision about any issues that may rise during the
lifetime of the tower.
Brief Description of the Survey Monitoring Programs:
Schemtic for integrated measurement system with clinometers

PERMANENT FULL SCALE REAL TIME STRUCTURAL
HEALTH MONITORING PROGRAM AND NETWORK
The final chapter of monitoring the structural system at Burj Khalifa was
concluded by the development and installation of a comprehensive full
scale structural health monitoring (SHM) program consisting of 1) three
(3) pairs of accelerometers at the foundation level of the tower to
capture base accelerations, 2) six (6) pairs of accelerometers at levels 73,
123, 155 (top of concrete), 160M3, Tier23A, and top of the pinnacle to
measure the tower acceleration simultaneously at all levels, 3) a GPS
system to measure the building displacement at level 160M3, 4) twenty
three (23)
Since completion of the installation of the SHM program at Burj Khalifa,
most of the structural system characteristics have been identified and
included measuring the following:
1. Building acceleration at all levels
2. Building displacements at level 160M3
3. Wind profile along the building height at most balcony areas,
including wind speed & direction, which still needs calibration to
relate to the basic wind speed
4. Building dynamic frequencies, including higher modes
5. Expected building damping at low amplitude due to both wind and
seismic event
.
Brief Description of the Survey Monitoring Programs:

CONCLUSION
Historically tall buildings design and construction relied solely on
minimum building code requirements, fundamental mechanics, scaled
models, research, and experience. While many research and
monitoring programs have been done in tall buildings, these programs
had very limited research and scope and yet to be systematically
validated and or holistically integrated.
The intimate involvement of the author in 1) developing the structural
and foundation systems for Burj Khalifa, while at SOM, 2) participating
in the development of the construction methodology and planning of
Burj Khalifa, while at Samsung, 3) pursuing the achievement of US
national science and foundation grant for the “Full Scale Monitoring
Program in Tall Buildings under wind”, while at SOM and in cooperation
with the BLWTL and the university of Notre Dame, and finally 4) the
author passion to understand and to reflect on the actual
performance of Burj Khalifa structure by confirming concrete materials
characteristics, design assumptions, and analytical modeling
assumptions and techniques, led to the development of the detailed
survey and SHM program that provided immediate and direct
feedback on the actual structural performance of the tower from
beginning of construction and throughout its lifetime.
The development of the comprehensive SHM programs at Burj Khalifa
included
 Testing all concrete grades to confirm the concrete mechanical
properties and characteristic (strength, modulus of elasticity,
shrinkage and creep characteristics, split cylinder, durability, heat of
hydration, etc.)
 Survey monitoring programs to measure the foundation settlement,
column shortening, and tower lateral movement from the early
construction stage until the completion of the structure.
 Strain monitoring program to measure the actual strains in the
columns, walls, and near the outrigger levels to confirm the load
transfer into the exterior mega columns.
Sample of measured acceleration at all levels (not to scale) and predicted
displacement at all levels due an earthquake event that occurred in
southern Iran on July 10, 2010.
 Survey program to measure the building tilt in real time, and the
utilization of GPS technology in the survey procedure.
 Temporary real time SHM program in collaboration with the
university of Notre Dame to measure the building acceleration,
displacement, and to provide real-time feedback on the tower
dynamic characteristics and behavior during construction and
before completion of the structure.
 Permanent real time SHM program in collaboration with the
University of Notre Dame and CPP to measure the building
acceleration, movement, dynamic characteristics (frequencies,
mode shapes), acceleration time history record and tilt of the
foundation at the base of the tower, wind velocity profile along the
entire height, weather station, and fatigue behavior of the
spire/pinnacle.

Disaster Management – COMMERCIAL)
CONCLUSION
The measured data collected from the above survey and SHM programs
were found in good agreement with Samsung predicted structural
behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa has:
 Validated the design assumptions and parameters used in the
design, analysis, and construction techniques.
 Provided real-time information on the structural system response
and allowed for potential modification to the construction
techniques to ensure the expected performance during
construction and though its lifetime.
 Identified anomalies at early stages and allowed for means to
address them.
 Generated very large in-situ data for all concrete materials used for
the tower
 Provided full feedback on the foundation and structural system
behavior and characteristics since the start of construction.
The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no
doubt pioneer the use of survey and SHM program concepts as part of
the fundamental design concept of building structures and will be
benchmarked as a model for future monitoring programs for all critical
and essential facilities. However, advancements in computer and IT
technologies, innovative advancement in fiber optic sensors,
nanotechnologies, dynamic monitoring devices, new GPS system
technologies, and wireless monitoring techniques will be used as a base
for future survey and SHM programs and it will become an integral part
of the building design and Intelligent Building Management System.
REFERENCES
FIRE AND MITIGATION IN BURJ KHALIFA (PDF)
Abdelrazaq, A (2010), “Design and Construction planning of the Burj Khalifa,
Dubai“, UAE, Proc of ASCE Structures Congress 2010, Orlando, Fl, May 12-14
Brownjohn, J.M., T.C. Pan & X. Deng (2000). “Correlating dynamic characteristics
from field measurements and numerical analysis of a high rise building”.
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 29(4), 523-543.
Brownjohn, J.M., & T.C. Pan (2001). “Response of a tall building to
long distance earthquakes” Earthquake Engineering & Structural
Dynamics, 30, 709-729.
Kijewski-Correa, T., Young, B., Baker, W. F., Sinn, R., Abdelrazaq, A. Isyumov, N.,
and Kareem, A. _2005_. “Full-scale validation of finite element models for tall
buildings.” Proc., CTBUH 2005 _CD-ROM_CTBUH, Chicago.
Kijewski-Correa. T., Kilpatrick, J., Kwon, D.K., Bashor, R., Young, B.S., Abdelrazaq,
A., Galsworthy, J., Morrish, D., Sinn, R.C., Baker, W.F., Isyumov, N. and Kareem, A.
(2005) “Full-Scale Validation of the Wind-Induced Response of Tall Buildings:
Updated Findings from the Chicago Monitoring Project,” Proceedings of Americas
Conference On Wind Engineering, Baton Rouge,LA.
Ni, Y.Q., Xia, Y., Chen, W.H., Lu, Z.R., Liao, W.Y. and Ko, J.M. (2009a),
“Monitoring of wind properties and dynamic responses of a supertall
structure during typhoon periods”, Proceedings of the 4th International
Conference on Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure,
22-24 July 2009, Zurich, Switzerland (CD-ROM).
Ni, Y.Q., Xia, Y.,Liao, W.Y. and Ko, J.M. (2009b), “Technology innovation in
developing the structural health monitoring system for Guangzhou New TV
Tower”, Structural Control and Health Monitoring, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 73-98.
www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENCE

DISASTER SAFETY TIPS
• Prepare emergency supplies (food, water, blankets) and First
Aid kits, including prescription medications.
• Learn how to turn off gas, water and electricity in case the
lines are damaged.
• Know the safe spots in every room - under sturdy tables,
desks or against inside walls, and know the danger spots -
windows, mirrors, hanging objects, fireplaces, tall furniture.
• Create a disaster preparedness plan so that everyone in the
family will know what to do in the event of a quake or other
emergency.
• Decide where your family will reunite if separated and
choose an out-of-state friend or relative whom family
members can call after an earthquake to report
whereabouts and conditions.
• Store emergency tools, including gas shut-off wrench and
safety lightsticks.
• Secure heavy items of furniture using flexible nylon straps
with peel and press application.
• Secure TVs and other electronics using flexible nylon straps
with adhesive buckles.
• Secure water heaters with two-strap kits.
• Secure breakables and collectibles with Quake putty, wax or
museum gel.
IF U NEED TO EVACUATE
• Notify a neighbour, friend or the local authorities of
your new address.
• Turn off power, water and gas and take your mobile
phone.
• Pack warm clothing, essential medication, valuables and
sentimental items in waterproof bags, to be taken with
your emergency kit.
• Move furniture, clothing and valuables onto beds,
tables (electrical items highest).
• Lock your home and take recommended evacuation
routes for your area.
• Don't drive through flooded ground.
IF YOU STAY DURING THE FLOOD
• Stay tuned to local radio for updated advice.
• Don't allow children to play in, or near, flood waters.
• Avoid entering floodwaters.
• Stay away from drains, culverts and water over knee-
deep.
• Don't use gas or electrical appliances which have been
in flood water until checked for safety.
• Don't eat food which has been in flood waters and
boil tap water until supplies have been declared
safe
FLOODS
Disaster Management – Residence

CYCLONE
• Before the cyclone season, check with your local council if
your home has been built to cyclone standards.
• Check that the walls, roof and eaves of your home are secure.
• Trim treetops and branches well clear of your home.
• Fit shutters, or at least metal screens, to all glass areas.
• Clear your property of loose material that could blow about
and possibly cause injury or damage during extreme winds.
• When a cyclone watch is issued, fill your car's fuel tank. Ensure
that your family members know which is the strongest part of
your house.
• Listen continuously to your local radio/TV for further warnings.
• When the cyclone strikes, disconnect all electrical appliances.
Listen to your battery radio for updates.
• Stay indoors (unless you are asked to evacuate) in the
strongest part of the building, i.e. cellar, internal hallway or
bathroom. Keep evacuation and emergency kits with you.
• Protect yourself with mattresses, rugs or blankets under a
strong table or bench if the building starts to break up.
• Drive carefully as roads may be filled with debris.
EARTHQUAKE
• Check that your insurance covers earthquake damage.
• If you currently building your home, seek expert
advice on the depth and type of foundations and
construction to suit your soil conditions.
• Check and repair cracks in walls or gaps in mortar
between bricks in existing buildings.
• Have an emergency kit which includes: a portable
radio and torch with fresh batteries; containers of
fresh water, canned food supplies; and a first aid kit
and instruction manual.
• Know the safest areas during earthquakes. Shelter
under a door frame, table, bench, etc.
• List emergency phone numbers for police, fire,
ambulance and gas, etc.
• If indoors, don't leave the house and keep clear of
windows, chimneys and overhead fittings. If leaving
the home, do not use elevators/lifts.
• Keep well clear of buildings, overhead structures,
walls, bridges, power lines, trees etc.
• Stay away from fallen power lines; damaged roads,
and landslides.
• Listen to your car radio for warnings before moving.
• Turn off electricity, gas, and water. Do not light
matches and check for gas or fuel leaks and damaged
wiring.

CLIMATE
• Most of Thailand has a “Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate" type.The south and the
eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate.
• Countrywide, temperatures normally range from an average annual high of 38 °C (100.4 °F) to a
low of 19 °C (66.2 °F).
• Southwest monsoons that arrive between May and July (except in the south) signal the advent
of the rainy season.
GEOGRAPHY
Totaling 513,120 square kilometers (198,120 sq mi), Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total
area. It is slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain.
Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups.
The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands, with the highest point being Doi
Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) above sea level. The
northeast, Isan, consists of the Khorat Plateau, bordered to the east by the Mekong River. The centre of
the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya river valley, which runs into the Gulf of
Thailand.
TRADITIONAL THAI HOUSES
•The traditional Thai house is ideally
adapted to its environment. Open high-
pitched roof that facilitates air circulation.
Open windows and walls in combination
with a large central terrace provide ideal
ventilation and offer relief from the hot and
humid climate.
•Rainwater runs off the steep roof
quickly and falls through the permeable
terrace and house floors. The use of wood
and bamboo reflects the once abundant
forests that provided these materials
ubiquitously and cheaply.

NATURAL DISASTER IN THAILAND
•Tsunamis –Thailand can experience a tsunami. In December, 2004, it was one of the countries severely impacted by a tsunami wave that killed hundreds of
thousands of. The 2004 tsunami in Thailand was the worst natural disaster Thailand has ever experienced.
•Floods – Thailand is one of the many countries in the world that has a tropical climate. Monsoons are normal during the rainy months and, because of this,
floods are common throughout Thailand.
•Cyclones – Thailand does have some cyclones in the south of the country.
•Earthquakes –The earthquake was recorded as strong, shaking both northern Thailand.
FLOODS
FIRE EXIT
MEASURES TAKEN FOR NATURAL DISASTER

JAPAN
• Neha Rampuria
• Alisha shah
• Parthvi ravalji
• Jinesh shah
• Devashree thaker
HOTEL
• Vani bachhawat
• Rohita das gupta
• Pooja gajwani
• Mansi gohil
• Ayushi goswami
HIGH RISE - RESIDENTIAL
• Yagni nanavati
• Siddhika parmar
• Heshma mehta
FIRE STATION AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
• Aakruti Patel
• Chitt Kapadia
• Dhairya Prajapati
• Drashti Patel
• Jaymin Saliya
• Yash Saraiya
RESIDENCE
• Jhaveri henil
• Patel falguni
• Patel maitri
• Jasani devki
• Shah khushali
• Navadia jaimini
COMMERCIAL
• Krishna Dadawala
• Vidit Karnavat
• Jainish Rangholiya
• Miloni Shah
• Sneha Kothari
• Kushkuvar Shah
CREDITS - GCP INSTITUE OF ARCHITECTURE , VNSGU SUBMITTED TO : AR. DARSIN PATEL

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