Petroleum is formed from organic matter buried underground millions of years ago. It is found in deposits containing oil, gas, and tar, often trapped in pockets beneath layers of rock. While over 4 trillion barrels are estimated to exist worldwide, only around half is recoverable, and consumption of 28.5 billion barrels per year means reserves may only last 40 more years. Extraction techniques now drill extremely deep wells and use directional drilling to access more resources, but also create risks like oil spills and environmental damage.

1. 19.3 OIL
D o r i s V.
Ne’Shonda D.

2.  Petroleum is taken from organic molecules created by living
organisms millions of years ago and buried under sediments
where high pressure and temperatures transformed them into
energy -rich compounds
 Petroleum deposits can be ,mixtures of oil, gas, and a solid
tar-like material.
 Oil and gas are often found under layers of shale and other
sediments, mainly where folds and deformations create
pockets that trap hydrocarbons

3. OIL
 Ultra deep wells have been drilled in the ocean under
10,000ft of water and on land 40,000ft below the surface
 Directional drilling 3.75mi horizontally away from the original
target, can create up to 50 wells with dif ferent directions and
depths
 ANWR(Artic National Wildlife Refuge) in Alaska claims that
this will only impact 2% of the land surface during drilling
 We only recover 30-40% of the oil in an area, because
extraction reaches a point where it’s uneconomical to
continue

4. RESOURCES AREN’T EVENLY
DISTRIBUTED
 There’s about 4 trillion barrels worth of oil in the world, half is
recoverable
 465 billion barrels have already been consumed, as of 2006
28.5 billion barrels are consumed each year, at this rate
there’s only enough to last about 40 years.
 Saudi Arabia claims 262.7 billion barrels, almos ¼ of the
total preserve.
 10 countries hold 84% of all known recoverable oil

6. OIL’S IMPACTS
 Advantages:
 Relatively easy to attain
 Cheap
 generates electricity
 Disadvantages:
 Produce CO₂ emissions which contribute to global warming
 oil spills can occur, wildlife is harmed
 $250 billion are paid directly to oil producing countries each year
 Oil Spills

8. ALASKA’S ARCTIC WILDLIFE
REFUGE
 Home to an abundant amount of wildlife (e.g. caribou,
waterfowl, polar bears, arctic wolves, etc)
 Might be the site of the last big, onshore liquid petroleum field
in North America
 Estimated to contain 12 billion barrels of oil & several trillion
cubic feet of gas
 Conservationist say that oil drilling would harm the area
 Oil company engineers claim that careless ways are no longer
permitted in their operations

9. ALASKA’S ARCTIC WILDLIFE REFUGE

10. TAR SANDS
 Composed of sand & shale particles coated with bitumen, a
viscous mixture of long chain hydrocarbons
 Pros: cheap to extract, abundant source in Canada
 Cons: typical plant produces 15 million m³ of toxic sludge, 500
tons of greenhouse gases, contaminates water, destroy boreal
forests

11. OIL SHALE
 Not oil or shale, but finely grained sedimentary rock rich in
solid organic material called kerogen
 When heated to 480°C (900°F) the kerogen liquefies and can
be extracted
 Pros: might yield the equivalent of several trillion barrels of
oil
 Cons: produces lots of waste, it’s expensive, high potential for
air and water pollution