More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
Carlsen-Portfolio
1.
2. GRADUAL FAILURE: THE AIR WAR OVER NORTH VIETNAM: 1965–1966
Index
(numbers in bold indicate illustrations)
ADVON (advanced echelon). See Air 204, 225, 226, 299, 315
Forces, numbered, Thirteenth, 2d first destruction of SAM: 192
ADVON. Iron Hand: 193
Aerial engagements: 315, 320–21 loss to SAM: 166–69:
with Chinese 111, 183n, 274–75, 314. loss in Flaming Dart: 16
See also Airspace violations. A–5A: 195
with North Vietnamese: 110–11, A–6: 168, 202, 227, 289, 315
144–45, 158–59, 273–74 Iron Hand: 192
Airborne Battlefield Command and night radar equipment: 204
Control Center: 173, 241, 254 B–26: 21, 38
Aircraft, China B–52: 22n, 59, 69, 84, 143, 180, 181,
MiG–17: 111 226, 232, 243, 244, 262, 262,
Aircraft, Laos 263, 263, 266, 272, 289
T–28: 52, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65 Arc Light: 179
Aircraft, North Korea operations halt: 212
PO–2: 31n ordnance depletion: 263
Aircraft, North Vietnam Rock Kick II: 260, 320
Il–28: 143, 143, 188, 190, 241, 276 vulnerability: 271
MiG–15: 52, 70, 96, 106, 143, 145, B–57: 41, 42, 43, 46, 50, 78, 84, 265
188, 241, 276, 313, 320 buddy bombing: 266
MiG–17: 52, 70, 71, 96, 108, 143, 159, deployments of: 22n, 50, 77
A DC–130 releases a reconnaissance drone 241, 273, 273, 274, 276,
223, (top), and reconnaissance destroyed at Bien Hoa: 58, 59
drones with the DC–130 carrier291, 313, them (above).
behind 320 night armed reconnaissance: 97, 125,
attacks on U.S. aircraft: 108, 109, 181–82
144, 201, 273, 275–76, 291 training for VNAF pilots: 47nCHAPTER 6
124 MiG–21: 241, 244, 276, 313, 319, 320 B–66: 5, 234, 238, 261
attacks on U.S. aircraft: 273 buddy bombing: 226–27, 266 SAM Threat
The
introduction of: 241 C–47: 38, 59, 127
Aircraft, South Vietnam C–123: 38, 258
A–1: 17, 18, 22, 26, 38, 42, 69, 84, 85, On July48, 102,the apparent surprise of some administration officials, the North
C–130: 24, to 182, 210, 265, 315,
108, 110, 112, 113, 125, 137, Vietnamese fired their first SA–2 surface-to-air missiles from near the Hanoi sanc-
316
140, 161 tuary, Blindbat operations: 97, F–4C Phantom and its two-man crew. Thus the SAMs
downing an Air Force 125, 181–82
losses at Bien Hoa: 59 were Carolina Moon: 258–59, 320
allowed to draw “first blood” despite earlier appeals by the JCS, Admiral
C–47: 38 deployments: 51
Sharp, General Harris, and other military commanders to Washington’s highest
losses at Bien Hoa: 59 flare dropping: 254
H–34: 38 authorities reconnaissance: 125 destroy the sites before they became operational.
night for permission to
O–1F: 9 Defense Secretary McNamara initially opposed striking suspected or known SA–2
CH–3: 193
RC–47: 38 sites while Rolling Thunder was confined largely below the 20th parallel because
DC–130: 115, 124, 174
RT–28: 38 EA–1F: 115
he feared killing Chinese or Soviet technicians working at the sites.
T–28: 26, 38, 42 A U–2174, 269 spotted the first SA–2 missile site under construction on
EA–3: aircraft
Aircraft, U.S. EB–66: 88n, 116, 174, 175, 195, 199,
A–1: 49, 110, 228 April 5, 1965,203, 206, late July,239, were in place roughly in a circle within
200, and by 217, 229, five
A–1: 17, 22, 49, 63–64, 69–70, 86, 95, twenty n.m. of259, 264, Each273, 274, of six firing, one guidance control, and
254, Hanoi. 269, consisted
110, 140, 193, 228, 265 one missile-holding revetments plus associated roadways. The diameter of the
289, 315. See also RB–66.
engagement with North Vietnamese firingChinese airspace violations: 276, 277
revetments and sites averaged about 75 and 750 feet respectively. The
MiGs: 144–45 configuration improvements: that
equipmentwas similar to 196 employed by the Soviet Union.1
Cover and Interior Design: Gradual Failure, The Air War Over
A–4: 16, 16, 24, 49, 63, 86, 95, 106, Iron Hand missions: 269
110, 140, 168, 170, 173, 201, However, no 164, 164, 173 had been demonstrably operational until 0805
EC–121: 5, 6, SA–2 missile
Saigon time on July 24 when an Air Force EB–66 Destroyer intercepted for the
second time in as many days a Fan Song radar signal from a missile site twenty-
369
three n.m. west of Hanoi. A crew member flashed a warning to four F–4C
North Vietnam, 1965-1966 Phantoms that were flying cover at about 20,000 feet for several F–105
Thunderchiefs en route to strike the Lang Tai explosive plant. Lt. Col. William
A. Alden, aboard one of the Phantoms, suddenly saw two, perhaps three, mis-
siles rising towards the flight. One exploded directly beneath the Phantom
Client: Air Force History Support Office
opposite Alden’s. Flames erupted from the wing, then the plane rolled over and
spiraled into the clouds. The pilot of the stricken plane, Capt. Richard P. Keirn,
parachuted safely, but was to spend nearly eight years as a prisoner of war in
North Vietnam. His radar intercept officer, Capt. Roscoe H. Fobair, apparently
Role: Lead design
URL: http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/vanstaaverengradual.htm
SA–2 on launcher.
163
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Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Photographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Part I: The Vietnam School of Hard Knocks
Chapter 1 Fallen Comrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 The Schoolhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 3 Glimmers of Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Part II: Changing of the Guard
Chapter 4 The New Officer Corps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 5 Changes in Attitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 6 Making It Happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 7 Let’s Get Serious about Dive Toss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Part III: The Training Revolution
Chapter 8 The Aggressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 9 Red Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 10 Measuring Combat Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
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Chapter 11 The Nellis Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Part IV: Killing the Target
Chapter 12 Mud Beaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Chapter 13 Maverick: Love It or Hate It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Chapter 14 Shooting Missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
vii
CHAPTER 1
Fallen Comrades
Oh, there are no fighter pilots down in Hell.*
On November 2, 1969, an F– 4D from the 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron
(TFS) ripped along at high speed and low altitude above a dirt road through
northern Laos. The big fighter essed back and forth across the track so the
two-man crew could look for targets to strike—North Vietnamese supplies
earmarked for use against U.S. forces and their allies. The jet’s weaving flight
path also made it more difficult for antiaircraft gunners to track the green, black,
and tan camouflaged Phantom II. Suddenly, a single .50 caliber bullet smashed
Cover and Interior Design: Sierra Hotel: Flying Air Force Fighters
through the canopy quarter-panel and struck the back-seater in the chest. Only
two years out of college, 1st Lt. Richard Lance Honey bled to death in the time
it took his pilot to race at supersonic speed to the nearest air base.
Four decades have seen bitter debate among Americans about the morality of
in the Decade After Vietnam
the war in Vietnam. Yet, to a fighter pilot, the answer to the question of why Rick
Honey was in Southeast Asia was an easy one: his nation called. Others have
written the story of why America asked him to be there, but this is a chronicle of
fighter pilots, not politicians. The fighter pilot wonders why Honey was in such
Client: Air Force History Support Office
a vulnerable position where a golden BB could snuff out his life. “What were
they doing right?” he might think, and “What were they doing wrong?”
Their call sign was Laredo 03, and their mission was to find targets along the
stretch of dirt highway known as Route 7. The small, dusty road, not much more
than a country lane, ran from the Laos–North Vietnam border westward to the
Role: Lead design
Plain of Jars in central Laos. Laredo 03 was a fast forward air controller (FAC)
mission. Once they found a target, typically a truck or two, or perhaps a poorly
hidden supply cache, they would rendezvous with other fighters, guide them to
the target, mark it with a white phosphorous smoke rocket, and then direct the
other fighters’ bombs onto the target. The scheme of fast FACs directing flights
URL: http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/andereggsierra.htm of other fighters onto small targets was the predominant interdiction tactic used
in Laos along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, but it was very ineffective. Even the fast
FAC familiar with his area had a difficult time finding targets, because he had to
fly fast enough to survive AAA (antiaircraft artillery), and he had to fly high
enough to stay out of the small arms fire such as that which killed Honey. Of
course, the North Vietnamese were masters of camouflage who moved under
* First line of a fighter pilot drinking song.
3
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Touching Families with Arthritis
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It is donors like you that allow Arthritis Foundation to fund vital research and provide critical programs
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developed for campaign for
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Rev. Callie Matthews, Rev. Victor Sawyer, Rev. Donald Smedley, Rev. James Stovall,
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Maryland House of Delegates
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ELECT PEARL ATKINSON-STEWART—YOUR VOICE IN ANNAPOLIS
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In an ever-changing society, some things remain constant—the issues facing our community:
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