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Ähnlich wie Tree Anatomy – Roots, Shoots & Leaves
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Tree Anatomy – Roots, Shoots & Leaves
- 1. Tree Biology – Roots, Shoots & Leaves Tree Stewards Training
- 78. 10 minute break!
- 101. Thank you!
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Throughout this lesson, I will be bouncing between the anatomy and physiology of trees. Anatomy is the study of the physical parts making up the tree, while physiology is the study of all of the chemical reactions going on inside of the tree.
- organelle - a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ; "the first organelle to be identified was the nucleus“ photosynthesis - synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants), the process by which a green plant uses sunlight to build up carbohydrate reserves
- The apical Meristem is found at the tip of a shoot (and root), where it forms new leaves (or roots).
- Plant growth hormones, known as auxins, influence a variety of plant processes and are produced in growth regions throughout the plant (red dots). Researchers have worked out the series of molecular events the hormone uses to make plants grow.
- Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.
- Trees Survive Wounds and Infection Because They Are Highly Compartmented Plants That Compartmentalize the Injured and Infected Tissues.
- Resistograph
- Meristematic - slowly dividing cells
- Epidermis (botany) , in plants, the outermost layer of cells covering the leaves and young parts of a plant
- Cytokinins are compounds with Auxin.
- Plants have about a dozen basic cell types that are required for everyday functioning and survival. Additional cell types are required for sexual reproduction.
- The vascular system of diffuse-porous trees (such as a birch) is characterized by vessels spread evenly throughout the sapwood. These vessels are produced regularly during the growing season.
- Trees still continue to slowly grow roots, respire and take in water and nutrients.
- Also known as a water sprout, they form on stems and branches, and suckers produced from the base of trees. In older wood, Epicormic shoots can result from severe defoliation or radical pruning.
- Cypress, arborvitae
- Heartwood is wood that has died and become resistant to decay as a result of genetically programmed processes.
- The shoot Meristem, or growing point, of most plants contain three distinct layers of cells. These cells undergo division in order to produce many new cells.
- This extra network takes up additional water and mineral nutrients and supplies them to the plant, in essence acting as an extension of the plant’s root system. In return, the plant gives some of its sugars as food to the fungus. It is a mutually beneficial relationship.
- Nodes also seal off the stem.
- Water enters young roots or Mycorrhizae roots by a process called osmosis.
- You might also recall parenchyma are the only cells that can engage in mitotic divisions. Subsequently, they are the only type of cell found in apical meristems. Some of these are shown in various stages of division in the mitosis unit.
- Phloem transports photosynthate from sink to source in the same way as xylem transfers water from sources (soil) to sinks (leaves); and that arteries transfer oxygen from sources (lungs) to sinks (respiring cells); and that veins transfer sugars from sources (ileum) to sinks (liver). Xylem and phloem sometimes act like a circulatory system (water goes up; sugar comes down the trunk), but not always.
- Like Carbon, oxygen
- Photosynthesis is arguably the most important biological process on earth. By liberating oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide, it has transformed the world into the hospitable environment we know today
- This response occurs because of the production and release of hormones, like auxins. The shoot system of a plant has another predictable response to the presence of light (phototropism) – you guessed it, stems will grow toward light.
- Examples are – elms, oaks, and ashes The picture is of an ash tree.
- Phloem responsible for movement of sugars, produced in the leaves, to other plant parts. Sieve cells become crushed and are reabsorbed into the tree or incorporated into bark.
- Plants with taproots are difficult to transplant . The presence of a taproot is why dandelions are hard to uproot — the top is pulled, but the long taproot stays in the ground, and re-sprouts.
- Auxin is a growth regulator.
- The new cells that are formed may then differentiate into epidermal, ground, or vascular tissue.
- Companion cells retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells. Dissolved food, as sucrose, flows through the sieve cells.
- The difference between water sprouts and suckers has to do with location. Water sprouts arise from adventitious/latent buds which occur above the ground 2.Suckers may arise from buds (probably adventitious) located below the soil level.
- There are several layers of cells lined up in the upper portion of the leaf to receive the sunlight. Most of the photosynthesis which occurs in a leaf occurs in these cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf through special openings (usually located on the underside of the leaf) called stomates . The opening and closing of a stomate is regulated by the two surrounding guard cells. Water and gas exchange doesn’t occur at any other place in the leaf except through the stomata because the epidermal cells making up the leaf surface are covered with a waxy covering called the cuticle .
- The current explanation for how water can travel up hundreds of feet in trees is called the cohesion-tension theory . Water molecules do a great job of holding onto each other and certain electrically charged substances like the walls of xylem vessels (tension). A chain of water exists inside of the tree so that for every water molecule that exits through the stomate, another one enters the root. Transpiration creates a negative pressure in the xylem tissue (sapwood) which allows water to be pulled up the tree.
- Tree roots tend to avoid each other when young, but as they grow they may be forced together and from a graft union. These grafts can conduct diseases from one tree to another.
- root cap . Cells are rapidly pushed to the front to form the root cap for two functions: first, to protect the meristematic cells, located just to the rear, undergoing cell division. second, the outermost cells are sloughed off to help lubricate the movement of the rapidly growing root through the soil. The root hairs are the primary source for absorption of water and minerals, yet often only live for a few weeks.
- Ideally, growing trees should be fertilized throughout the year. The greatest amounts of nitrogen (N) based fertilizer should be applied during the early spring and summer months. Several light applications a year are preferred as the tree gets older. A soil test may be needed to determine the amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K). Read the label for proper ratios and application rates of N, P and K for trees
- Most pruning should be limited to thinning cuts.