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1. TYPES OF CLAUSES
By:Aveen
College of Art
English department

2. THE PLAN
 DEFENITION
 TYPES WITH EXAMPELS
 CLAUSES VS PHRASES

3. WHAT IS A CLAUSE??
 A clause is a group of related
words which has a subject and
verb.
 A clause can function as a
sentence by itself or as part of a
sentence.

4. Types
 MAIN CLAUSES
 Every sentence must have a main clause
 A main clause has a subject and a predicate and expresses
a complete thought
 It is the only type of clause that can stand alone as a
sentence.
 A main clause can be also called an independent clause
 Conjunctions cannot be included in your clauses.
 Osasuna defeated Barcelona last night .
( independent , main )

5.  .Independent Marker Word
 An independent marker word is a connecting word
used at the beginning of an independent clause.
These words can always begin a sentence that can
stand alone. When the second independent clause in
a sentence has an independent marker word, a
semicolon is needed before the independent marker
word.
 Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry
quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because
of the noise.
 Some common independent markers
are: also, consequently, furthermore, however,m
oreover, nevertheless, and therefor

6. A DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 A dependent clause or a subordinate is a
group of words that contains a subject and
verb but does not express a complete
thought. A dependent clause cannot be a
sentence. Often a dependent clause is
marked by a dependent marker word
 When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his
chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when
he studied? The thought is incomplete.)!!!

7.  Dependent Marker Word
 A dependent marker word is a word added
to the beginning of an independent clause
that makes it into a dependent clause.
 When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his
chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.
 Some common dependent markers
are: after, although, as, as
if, because, before, even if, even
though, if, in order
to, since, though, unless, until, whatever,
, whenever,whether, and while.

8. Types of (dependent )subordinate
clauses (adjective clause)
 Restrictive Clauses: an adjective
clause that are necessary to make
the meaning of a sentence clearer (it
is essential)
 It must not be set off by commas
 Magazines that have no substance
bore me .
 Note ! We do not use commas.

9. Subordinate clauses (adjective
clause)
Nonrestrictive clauses
 Adjective clauses that are not necessary
make the meaning clear ,we call them
 (non –essential)
 Always use commas to set off this clause
 James Bernard ,who was a standup
comedian, wrote for the New York magazine.

10.  Adverb Clause: a subordinate clause that
modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective or
an adverb .
It tells when, where ,how, why, to
what extent, or under what condition
the action has happened .
While walking, she listens to the radio
I was happy because I passed the test.

11. Noun clauses
 Noun clause is a subordinate clause
that is used as a noun within the
main clause of a sentence
 You can use a noun clause as a
subject, a direct object, an indirect
object or an object of a preposition
 Whoever wins the election , will speak

12.  The reporter will do whatever is
required to get an interview .
 The senator will give whoever asks an
interview
 A news story should begin with
whatever gets the reader’s attention.

13. Relative clauses
 modify nouns and sometime pronouns
Relative clauses occur with the relative
pronouns "that, who, which, whom, whose"
Relative clauses may also begin with the
following relative adverbs "when, where,
why".
Examples:
I saw the player [who hit you].
I saw the player [that hit you].
I like the park [I jog where].
I would like to know the reason [why you
didn't eat the vegtables].

14. THE
END

15. Clauses vs Phrases
 Both clauses and phrases are clusters of words.
 Clauses contain a subject and verb. If they form complete
thoughts, we call them independent clauses. If they form
incomplete thoughts, we call them dependent or
subordinate clauses.
 example: While we collected the data dependent clause, the
temperature gradually increased independent clause. The
subject and verb combinations are we collected in the
dependent clause and temperature increased in the
independent clause.
 Phrases are word clusters lacking subject and verb
combinations.
 example: While collecting data phrase, we noted an
increase in temperature.

16. THE
END