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順序数入門
伊藤那由多
以下、0は自然数に
含まれるものとする。
順序数とは何か
• 順序数は、ある種類の集合である。
• 全ての自然数は、それぞれの自然数に対す
る集合を適切に定めることにより、順序数とし
て扱うことが出来る。
0を作ろう
• 0は、最も小さい順序数である。
• 0は、空集合として定義される。
0 = {}
自然数を作る
• 1以上の自然数は、「それより小さいすべての
自然数の集合」として帰納的に定義される。
• すなわち、以下のようになる。
1 = 0 = {{}}
2 = 0,1 = {}, {}
3 = 0,1,2 = {}, {}, {}
⋯ ⋯
順序数の大小関係
• 順序数である集合𝛼, 𝛽について、𝛼が𝛽より大
きいことを𝛼 > 𝛽で表し、その定義は「集合𝛼
が集合𝛽を含む」とする。
• 数式で書くと次のようになる。
𝛼 > 𝛽 ⇔ 𝛼 ⊃ 𝛽
極限順序数
• 「すべての自然数の集合」を、ωと呼ぶことに
する
• ωはどんな自然数よりも大きい最小の順序数
• ω-1は定義されない
• 順序数αに対し、α-1が定義されるときαは「後
続順序数」であるといい、定義されない時αは
「極限順序数」であるという
– ωは極限順序数である
基本列
• 全ての(加算な)極限順序数には、「基本列」とよ
ばれる順序数の列が定義されている。
– 基本列の極限を取ると、必ずもとの極限順序数にな
る。
• 基本列を定めることにより極限順序数が定義さ
れている場合もある
• ωの基本列は0,1,2,3,…(自然数の列)
より直観的な説明(1)
• ある順序数の数列(基本列)に対し、1,2,3,…と
なっている部分をωで置き換えるとより大きい
順序数が得られる
– ω+1,ω+2,ω+3,… →ω+ω
– ω^1,ω^2,ω^3,… →ω^ω
– ω^(ω+1)+ω^2, ω^(ω+1)+ω^2*2,
ω^(ω+1)+ω^2*3,… → ω^(ω+1)+ω^3
より直観的な説明(2)
• 基本列は、「右端のωのみをnで置き換える」
ことで得られる
• 右端がωではない極限順序数は、右端をωに
してからnで置き換える
– ω^ω[n]=ω^n
– ω*4[n]=(ω*3+ω)[n]=ω*3+n
– ω^(ω^ω+ω^2+1)[n]= ω^(ω^ω+ω^2)*ω[n]=
ω^(ω^ω+ω^2)*n
ωの先へ
• ω+1={0,1,2,3,….,ω}
• 一般に、順序数αに対して「αの要素にα自身
を足したもの」をα+1と定義する
– αが自然数の場合もこの定義は有効
• ω+2={0,1,2,3,….,ω,ω+1}
• ω+3={0,1,2,3,….,ω,ω+1,ω+2}
• ω+4={0,1,2,3,….,ω,ω+1,ω+2,ω+3}
• …
極限を取る
• ω+ω={0,1,2,3,…,ω,ω+1,ω+2,…}
• 以下、集合ではなく基本列で表記することに
する
• (ω+ω)[n]=ω+n
– ω+ωの基本列のn番目はω+nという意味
– ω+ωはω+nで表されるどの順序数よりも大きい
具体例(1)
• ω+ω=ω*2
• ω*2+1, ω*2+2, ω*2+3,…→ω*3
– ω*3[n]=ω*2+n
• ω*3+1, ω*3+2, ω*3+3,…→ω*4
– ω*4[n]=ω*3+n
• ω*k[n]=ω*(k-1)+n
具体例(2)
• ω*1, ω*2, ω*3, ω*4,… →ω*ω=ω^2
• ω^2*1, ω^2*2, ω^2*3, ω^2*4,…
→ω^2*ω=ω^3
• ω^3,ω^4,ω^5,… →ω^ω
• ω^ω, ω^ω*2, ω^ω*3, ω^ω*4,… →ω^(ω+1)
• ω^(ω+1), ω^(ω+2), ω^(ω+3),… →ω^(ω*2)
ωの累乗
• ω^(ω*2), ω^(ω*3), ω^(ω*4),… →ω^ω^2
• ω^ω^ω
• ω^ω^ω^2
• ω^ω^ω^ω
• ω^ω^ω^ω^ω
• …
ωの彼方へ
𝜖0 = 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔⋯
これ以降の順序数について
書き続けるときりがないので
ここで終わりにします
これ以降にも
順序数は
無限に続く・・・
𝜖 𝜖0
𝜁0
𝜑(𝜔, 0)
𝜗(Ω 𝜔
)
𝜗(𝜖Ω+1)
𝜔1
𝐶𝐾
スライドショーの最後です。クリックすると終了します。

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順序数入門 Ver.ω