Physiology Taste and Smell

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Nasir Koko

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Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is an ancient sensory system that together with taste enables an organism to detect chemicals in the external environment. Olfaction is one of the five major human senses (vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch) that occurs when odorants bind to specific sites in olfactory receptors.Olfaction is present in most species such as insects, worms, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. It is essential for survival by permitting the location of food, mates, and predators, although in humans, olfaction is often viewed as an esthetic sense capable of triggering emotion and memory.

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Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors or organs of chemical sense consist of olfactory organs and organs of taste. Both these organs are stimulated only by chemical substances or odours in air (nostrils) and in solution (tongue). The medium for dissolving substances for taste is water for aquatic animals and mucus for land animals. The olfactory organs can respond to a low concentration of the dissolved substance, whereas organs of taste need a higher concentration of the dissolved substance for a response. Olfactory Organs in Vertebrates: Odours bind to and activate olfactory receptors located on the dendrites of sensory neurons in the nose. Olfactory organs (olfactory-receptors) are a pair of invaginations of the ectodermal cells of the skin forming olfactory sacs on the anterior end of head. Their external openings are called nostrils or nares. In most fishes the olfactory organs consist of a pair of pits lined with folds or ridges of sensory epithelium. The cyclostomes have a single median olfactory organ. This is a blind pit in the lampreys, but in hagfishes it opens into the pharynx. Dipnoans resemble higher vertebrates in possessing paired nasal passages that open by means of choanae into pharynx. The nasal passages, therefore, have both internal and external openings. The olfactory epithelium within canals appears in the form of folds. Sensory systems consist of peripheral receptor cells and integrating neurons in the brain. Impulses are transmitted from receptors by sensory fibres to the central nervous system where they are interpreted as sensations or messages, which are sent to effector organs through efferent or motor nerve fibres, for responding in an appropriate manner. A vertebrate has receptors or sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight, and hearing, which are stimulated by the environment. These sense organs are termed external receptors or exteroceptors. There are other sense organs found in the body, which detect temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and muscle position. They are spoken of as internal receptors or interoceptors. Besides these two, third is proprioceptors, which are stretch receptors found in the muscles, joints, tendons, connective tissue and skeletons. All receptors are closely associated with the nervous system and respond to external or internal stimuli. List of Common Senses: 1. Touch.- It includes contact, pressure, heat and cold, etc. 2. Taste. -Receive stimulus by chemicals in solution. 3. Smell.- Receive volatile chemicals and gases in air. 4. Hearing.- Receive sound vibrations. 5. Sight. -Receive light waves.

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