3. Decision Making
Decision Making is the process of selection of
course of action from among alternatives
Decision making is a core of planning
4. Rationality in Decision Making
Making consistent, value maximizing choices
within specific constraints
A logical, multi-step model for choosing
between alternatives that follows an orderly
path from problem identification through
solution.
Effective decision making must be rational
5. Limited Rationality
Human mind has only limited capacity to
evaluate and process the information that is
available
Satisfy … good enough
6. Development of Alternatives
Identifying viable Alternatives
Alternatives are listed (without
evaluation)
Compare them with limiting factors
that stand in the way of
accomplishing desired objective.
7. Evaluating Alternative
Quantitative --measurable/Fixed e.g. cost
time, and budget etc.
Qualitative--- Non measurable/Intangible e.g.
moral of employee/ labor relation
8. Marginal Analysis
Evaluating alternatives involves evaluating
additional revenue arising from additional cost
Additional revenue = additional cost
Linear relation between revenue and cost
9. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Seeks best ratio of benefit and cost
Finding least costly way to reaching an
objective
Getting maximum benefit for given
expenditure
11. Experience
Reliance on past decisions
Experience is the best teacher
It could be dangerous
Good decisions must be evaluate on the basis
of future effect whereas experience relates to
the past
Analysis of experience in the light of current
situation
12. Experimentation
Try one alternative and then see what
happen?
Testing in limited sphere.
Expensive ---- involve cost/capital
Results may doubtful
13. Research and Analysis
Pencil-and-Paper or computer-and-printout
method
When major decisions are involved
Less expensive than experimentation
E.g. (3-D model of building)
14. Programmed Decisions
Used for structure and routine work
Specifications and rules that tell them how to
work in organization
Almost are used in every organization
15. Non-Programmed Decisions
Used for unstructured novel and ill
defined situation of a nonrecurring
nature
These decision made by top level
management
16. Decision Making
Under Certainty
• People are reasonably sure about what will happen when
they make decision
Under Uncertainty
• People are very unsure about results
Under Risk
• Factual information may exist, but it may be incomplete
17. Creativity and Innovation
Creative Process
• Unconscious Scanning
• Intuition
• Insight
• Logical formation
18. Invention And Innovation
INVENTION
• Development or discovery of something new
INNOVATION
• Enhancement, adaption or commercialization
of new products, services
19. Conclusion / Recommendation
All decision-making involves elements of risk and reward. For
every decision there are risks. Many organizations are
structured so that major decisions are taken at the highest
levels. This is because decisions at the top can have major
effects for the whole organization. At the tactical and
operational levels, the risks are smaller. People at all levels
are encouraged and empowered to make decisions informed
by accurate information. By using the skills of people by
giving ongoing support and training, is able to rely on good
quality decision-making at all levels. That is how they make
more effective, secure and correct decisions.