Computer Ethics Special Responsibilities Facing Computer Professionals and Users Maintaining relationships with and responsibilities toward customers, clients, coworkers, employees, and employers. Making critical decisions that have significant consequences for many people. Determining how to manage, select, or use computers in a professional setting.

1. SOSIO INFORMATIKA
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
20192019
Socio Informatics

2. UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
20192019
Yusra Fernando, M.Komyusra.fernando@teknokrat.ac.id
CONTACT ME
2

3. Ethics and Proffesions
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
20192019
Professional Ethics and Responsibilities ; A Gift of Fire, 2ed

5. Professional Ethics
• Categories:
• Medical,
• Legal,
• Engineering,
• Accounting,
• Computer,
• …and more.
Ethics in Information
Technology, Fourth Edition
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Q: What are the special responsibilities of these professionals?

6. Computer Ethics
Ethics in Information
Technology, Fourth Edition
6
• Special Responsibilities Facing Computer Professionals and Users
• Maintaining relationships with and responsibilities toward customers,
clients, coworkers, employees, and employers.
• Making critical decisions that have significant consequences for many
people.
• Determining how to manage, select, or use computers in a professional
setting.
Q: Describe an ethical scenario for one of the categories, above.

7. • “Do the Right Thing”
• Behaving Ethically Includes:
• Being honest.
• Keeping promises.
• Doing your job well.
• Not stealing.
Q: What other behaviors are usually considered “doing the right thing?”
Ethics

8. • Deontological
• Emphasizes duty and absolute rules.
• Rules should apply to everyone.
• Use logic or reason to determine what is good.
• Treat people as an ends (not a means).
Ethical Views
Q: Describe “rules” that follow deontological decision-making that apply to school or work.

9. • Consequentialist
• Includes Utilitarianism
• Strive to increase “utility” (that which satisfies a person’s
needs and values) for the most people (the greater good).
• Consider the consequences for all affected people.
Q: Describe “rules” that follow consequentialist decision-making that apply to school or work.
Ethical Views (cont’d)

10. • Consequentialist (cont’d)
• Rule-Utilitarianism: Choose rules, or guidelines for behavior, that
generally increase utility.
• Act-Utilitarianism: Analyze each action to determine if it increases
utility.
Q: What are some problems with act-utilitarianism?
Ethical Views (cont’d)

11. • Natural Rights
• Derived from the nature of humanity
• Focus is on the process by which people interact.
• Respect the fundamental rights of others, including life,
liberty, and property.
Q: Describe an ethical scenario about use of a computer system and tell what rights the people involved have.
Ethical Views (cont’d)

12. •Reaching the Right Decision
• There is no formula to solve ethical problems.
• The computer professional must consider trade-offs.
• Ethical theories help to identify important principles
or guidelines.
Q: What trade-offs might a computer professional need to consider?
Ethical Views (cont’d)

13. • Some Important Distinctions
• Right, Wrong, and Okay: acts may be ethically obligatory, ethically
prohibited, or ethically acceptable.
• Negative rights (liberties): the right to act without coercive
interference.
• Positive rights (claim-rights): imposing an obligation on some people
to provide certain things.
• Causing harm: some acts may cause harm to others but are not
necessarily unethical.
Q: Describe an ethical scenario involving a computer professional that illustrates one of the items above.Q: Describe an ethical scenario involving a computer professional that illustrates one of the items above.
Ethical Views (cont’d)

14. • Some Important Distinctions (cont’d)
• Goals vs. actions: the actions we take to achieve our goals should be consistent with our
ethical constraints.
• Personal preference vs. ethics: some issues we disapprove of because of our dislikes,
rather than on ethical grounds.
• Law vs. ethics: some acts are ethical, but illegal; other acts are legal, but unethical.
Q: Describe an ethical scenario involving a computer professional that illustrates one of the items above.
Ethical Views (cont’d)

15. Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• Special Aspects of Professional Ethics
• Computer Professionals:
• Are experts in their field,
• Know customers rely on their knowledge, expertise, and honesty,
• Understand their products (and related risks) affect many people,
• Follow good professional standards and practices,
• Maintain an expected level of competence and are up-to-date on current knowledge
and technology, and
• Educate the non-computer professional.
Q: Recall a computer professional who demonstrated some of these characteristics.

16. Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• Professional Codes
• ACM and IEEE CS
• Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice
• ACM
• ACM Code of Ethics
• CIPS – Canadian Information Processing Society
• Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
• Ethical Behaviors Expected of the Computer Professional:
• Honest and fair; respects confidentiality; maintains professional competence; understands relevant laws; respects and
protection of personal privacy; avoids harming others; and respects property rights.
Q: How does a software engineer “learn” to be ethical?

17. ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics
• Eight Principles related to the behaviour of and decisions made by professional
software engineers, including practitioners, educators, managers, supervisors and
policy makers, as well as trainees and students of the profession.
• Preamble
• Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design,
development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession. In
accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public, software
engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles:

18. ACM/IEEE Code of ethics - principles
• PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
• CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer
consistent with the public interest.
• PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional
standards possible.
• JUDGMENT- Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment.
• MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the
management of software development and maintenance.
• PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public
interest.
• COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
• SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an
ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

19. CIPS Code of Ethics and Profession Conduct
• Designed to help members provide high levels of service and respect for colleagues,
other professionals, employers/clients, and public
• IT Professionals often granted privileges to solve problems; provides unique means
and opportunity to impact society
• With privilege comes responsibility
• At times must resolve conflicting ethical principles
• Sometimes there is no one right answer – but there is always a preferred set of
answers

20. CIPS Code of Ethics and Profession Conduct
• CISP members are expected to:
– Protect public interest
– Avoid conflicts of interest
– Take responsibility
– Contribute to positively to the IT profession
• Obligation of integrity and self-discipline > law
• A broad set of principles not a fixed rigid set of rules
• Lack of knowledge of ethics is not an excuse
• Duty to report unethical behaviour

21. CIPS Code of Ethics and Profession Conduct
• Public Interest
– Contribute to growth of society
– Report and do the right thing (not just legal
thing)
– Use privilege access to protect society
• Competency
– Leadership / professional attractiveness
– Participation in industry, academia,
associations
– Getting along with and accepting other
credentials
•Deal with conflicting loyalties
–Serve the greater good, use “intelligence disobedience” when
necessary
–Constrain self-interest, ambition appropriately
–Consider alternatives, pros/cons of solutons
–Overcome favourtism and the small ethical missteps
•Honesty and Integrity
–Respect privacy and intellectual property
–Identify true competence and qualifications
–Desire to continually expand knowledge
–Fair practices, being impartial
–Being accountable of results, contractual obligations

22. CIPS Code of Ethics and Profession Conduct
• Process of Ethical Decision Making:
1. Identify the problem - key ethical issues
2. Identify the relevant ethical “ends” that are most important to the situation
3. Identify the relevant ethical principles
4. Generate alternative actions; analyse the risks and benefits of each alternative; consult with
knowledgeable colleagues
5. Reflect on best alternatives, make decision
6. Determine action plan
7. Take action
• Requests for guidance, clarification can be made in confidence to CIPS

23. Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional
• Understand Success
• Understand what success means—developers (especially) and users of computer
systems must see beyond simply writing code to complete a task.
• Design for Real Users
• To provide useful systems, real users must be included in the design stage.
Q: Give an example of a system for which consultation with real users in the design stage would be important.

24. Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional (cont’d)
• Thorough Planning and Scheduling
• Pay attention to details—do a thorough and careful job when planning and
scheduling a project and when writing bids.
• Test With Real Users
• To provide safe systems, real users must be included in the testing stage.
Q: Give an example of a system that has a straightforward user interface. A confusing interface. Would testing with
real users improve the confusing one?

25. Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals
• Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional (cont’d)
• Evaluate Re-use of Software
• Don’t assume existing software is safe and re-usable.
• Candidness
• Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and limitations of software.
• Protect
• Require a convincing case for safety.
Q: Describe a software program or computer system for which you think these guidelines were not followed.

26. Thank You ..
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER
YUSRA FERNANDO, S.KOM., M.KOM
20192019