1. Name: Nighat Ali
BIOS120 – Medical Terminology
Professor Rashidah Abdullah
10/21/2012

2.  Reproduction is the process by which organisms make
more organisms like themselves
 In the reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or
gametes, are involved. The male gamete (sperm) and the
female gamete (egg or ovum) meet in the female's
reproductive system to create a new individual.
 Both the male and female reproductive systems are
essential for reproduction. The female needs a male to
fertilize her egg, even though it is she who carries offspring
through pregnancy and childbirth.

3. Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System

4.  Menopause is time in a woman’s life when her
menstruation stops and the body goes through changes
that usually does not allows her to get pregnant. Usually for
women between 45 – 55
 During menopause, woman’s ovaries stop making eggs and
produce less estrogen and progesterone, which cause
menopause symptoms.
 Menopause is complete when a woman have not had
period for 1 year, known as postmenopause. Women who
are postmenopausal can no longer get pregnant.

5.  Symptoms of menopause vary from woman to woman.
 First thing, period will start to change. It may occur more
or less often. Some women get period every 3 weeks,
which may last for 1 – 3 years before periods completely
stop
 Symptoms of menopause may include: heart pounding,
skin flushing, insomnia, night sweats, urine leakage,
mood swings, vaginal infections, etc
 Test results can help in determining if a woman is close
to menopause or if already gone through menopause.
These tests include Estradiol, FSH – follicle stimulating
hormone, or LH – luteinizing hormone blood test.
 Treatment for menopause depends on how bad
symptoms are, overall health, and preference. It may
include lifestyle changes or hormone therapy.

6.  Eggs (or ova) are produced in the female sex glands (ovaries) and
are the largest cells in the human body.
 The egg is round in shape and it contains 23
chromosomes, which carry woman’s inheritable characteristics.
 Unlike sperm cells, egg contain X chromosomes. However, the
sex of a child is not determined by the content of the egg, but by
that of the sperm.
 Once female sex glands have matured during puberty, they
normally release not more than one egg per month.
 Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while in the fallopian
tube, the egg dries up and leaves the body about 2 weeks later
through the uterus – this is menstruation
 Fertilized egg is called zygote

7. Egg (Ovum/Ova)

8.  Endometrium is the inner layer of the uterine wall contains
a rich blood supply.
 It reacts to hormonal changes every month that prepare it
to receive a fertilized ovum.
 It serve as a place for an embryo to implant and become
nourished by it's rich blood supply.
 It serves as a lubricating film barrier to keep the uterine
walls from adhering to each other.
 In a nonpregnant uterus, the uterine walls touch but do not
stick together because of the endometrium. When this has
been destroyed by ablation and removed, the uterus
becomes fibrous and forms adhesions in which it collapses
and grows together.
 To remain healthy, the uterus needs an endometrium of at
least 4-5 mm.

9.  There is also endometrial cancer, which begins in the
layer of cells that form the lining (endometrium) of
the uterus.
 Endometrial cancer is known as uterine cancer, which
is detected at an early stage because of abnormal
vaginal bleeding.
 Other symptoms may include: pelvic pain, pain during
intercourse, and abnormal, watery discharge from
vagina
 Doctors do not know what causes endometrial cancer.
Only thing known is that something occurs to create a
genetic mutation within cells in the endometrium.
 Tests for this cancer include: pelvic examination,
transvaginal ultrasound, and hysteroscopy.

10.  The treatments usually result in surgery to remove the
uterus, but other options available are radiation
therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy
 In order to prevent endometrial cancer, maintain
healthy weight, get examined regularly (specially after
menopause), consider taking birth control pills, and
exercise regularly.

11. Hope you enjoyed and learned
Thank you !!!