4. “Philosophy” came from two Greek words:
★ Philo which means “to love”
★ Sophia which means “wisdom”
● Philosophy originally meant “love of wisdom.”
● Philosophy is also defined as the science that
by natural light of reason studies the first
causes or highest principles of all things.
5. ● Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental
questions about existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language.
● Philosophy in simple words is a way of thinking
about the world, the universe, and society. It works
by asking very basic questions about the nature of
human thought, the nature of the universe, and the
connections between them. The ideas in philosophy
are often general and abstract.
6. ● Philosophy is the study of humans and
the world by thinking and asking
questions. It is a science and an art.
Philosophy tries to answer important
questions by coming up with answers
about real things and asking "why?"
7. SCIENCE
➢It is an organized body of
knowledge.
➢It is systematic.
➢It follows certain steps or employs
certain procedures.
8. NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
➢It uses a philosopher’s natural
capacity to think or human
reason or the so-called unaided
reason.
9. STUDY OF ALL THINGS
➢It makes philosophy distinct from other
sciences because it is not one dimensional
or partial.
➢A philosopher does not limit himself to a
particular object of inquiry.
➢Philosophy is multidimensional or holistic.
10. First Cause or Highest Principle
➢ Principle of Identity – whatever is; whatever is not is not.
Everything is its own being, and not being is not being.
➢ Principle of Non-Contradiction – it is impossible for a thing
to be and not to be at the same time.
➢ Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not;
between being and not-being, there is no middle ground
possible.
➢ Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing exists without
sufficient reason for its being and existence.
11. •Early Greek philosophers studied aspects of the natural
and human world that later became separate sciences—
astronomy, physics, psychology, and sociology.
•Basic problems like the nature of the universe, the
standard of justice, the validity of knowledge, the correct
application of reason, and the criteria of beauty have been
the domain of philosophy from its beginnings to the
present.
•These basic problems are the subject matter of the
branches of philosophy.
12. The most notable ancient Greek philosophers
are:
● He proposed that
everything that
exists is based on a
higher order or plan
which he called
logos.https://images.app.goo.gl/4i6YAJjNspK
CPysE8
13. Democritus
● He devoted
himself to the
study of the
causes of natural
phenomena.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
14. Diogenes of Sinope
● He was a known
advocate of living
a simple and
virtuous life.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
15. Epicurus
● He believed that
philosophy could
enable man to live
a life of
happiness..
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under CC BY
16. Socrates
● He was considered the foremost
philosophers of ancient times. He
was credited with formulating the
Socratic method- means of
examining a topic by devising a
series of questions that let the
learner examine and analyze his
knowledge and views regarding
the topic.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
17. Plato ● A student of Socrates, he wrote down his
mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of
his own ideas into them. Plato’s most
significant ideas included his Theory of
Forms, which proposes that everything that
exist is based on an idea or template than
can only be perceived in the mind. Plato is
also known for his dialectic- a method of
inquiry where two opposing ideas are
discussed in an attempt to arrive at new
knowledge. Plato’s lasting contribution to
learning was his founding of the Academy, an
institution of higher learning.This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
18. Aristotle ● He attended the Academy, and was
the prominent student of Plato. For
him, all ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on
what we can sense and perceive. His
studies in logic led to the formulation
of a formal process of analyzing
reasoning which give rise to deductive
reasoning-the process by which
specific statements are analysed to
reach a conclusion or generalization.
http://www.liveyourmagic.com/2014/02/aristotle
-the-purpose-of-life/
19. The Difference Between Holistic Perspective from a
Partial Point of View
Holistic thinking
refers to a perspective that
considers large-scale patterns
in systems. A holistic
perspective requires an
individual to have an open
mindset and ability to get the
general sense or impression
regarding a situation.
Partial thinking
focuses on specific aspects
of a situation. The partial
view is an important
component of analytical
thinking, as an individual
focuses on certain areas or
aspects of a problem in order
to understand it.
20. The term "holistic thinking" refers to a big picture mentality in
which a person recognizes the interconnectedness of various
elements that form larger systems, patterns and objects. Thinking
holistically is the opposite of analyzing something, which involves
breaking down a larger system into its details.
People tend to apply an analytical perspective when looking at
problems or situations. A holistic view gives rise to a more
appreciative perspective about life, as we are able to look at life in
its totality.
21.
22. 1. METAPHYSICS
•It is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every
human being to know what is real.
•A metaphysician task is to explain that part of our experience
which we call unreal in terms of what we call real.
•We try to make things comprehensible by simplifying or
reducing the mass of things we call appearance to a relatively
fewer number of things we call reality.
Thales
➢ He claims that everything we experience is water
(“reality”) and everything else is “appearance.”
23. ➢ We try to explain everything else (appearance) in terms of
water (reality).
Idealist and Materialist
➢ Their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and
matter.
➢ They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.
Plato
➢ Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five
senses is real.
➢ Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be
detected only by the intellect.
➢ Plato calls these realities as ideas of forms.
24. 2. ETHICS
•It explores the nature of moral virtue and
evaluates human actions.
•It is a study of the nature of moral judgments.
•Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an
account of our fundamental ethical ideas.
•It insists that obedience to moral law be given a
rational foundation.
25. SOCRATES
➢To be happy is to live a virtuous life.
➢Virtue is an awakening of the seeds of good
deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart
of a person which can be achieved through
self-knowledge.
➢ True knowledge = Wisdom = Virtue
➢ Courage as virtue is also knowledge.
26. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
➢An African-American who wanted equal
rights for the blacks.
➢His philosophy uses the same process
as Hegel’s dialectic (Thesis > Antithesis
> Synthesis).
27. 3. Epistemology
•It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of
knowledge.
•It explains: (1) how we know what we claim to know; (2)
how we can find out what we wish to know; and (3) how
we can differentiate truth from falsehood.
•It addresses varied problems: the reliability, extent, and
kinds of knowledge; truth; language; and science and
scientific knowledge.
28. Sources of knowledge
Induction
❖ gives importance to particular things seen, heard,
and touched
❖ forms general ideas through the examination of
particular facts
❖ Empiricist – advocates of induction method
❖ Empiricism is the view that knowledge can be
attained only through sense experience.
29. Deduction
❖ gives importance to general law from which particular
facts are understood or judged.
❖ Rationalist – advocates of deduction method
❖ For a rationalist, real knowledge is based on the logic,
the laws, and the methods that reason develops.
Pragmatism
❖ the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its
practical consequences.
30. 4. LOGIC
•Reasoning is the concern of the logician.
•It comes from the Greek word logike, coined by Zeno, the
Stoic (c.340–265BC), which means a treatise on matters
pertaining to the human thought.
•It does not provide us knowledge of the world directly and
does not contribute directly to the content of our thoughts.
•It is not interested in what we know regarding certain
subjects but in the truth or the validity of our arguments
regarding such objects.
31. Aristotle
★ First philosopher to devise a logical method
★ Truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality.
★ Logical reasoning makes us certain that our conclusions are
true.
Zeno of Citium
★ One of the successors of Aristotle and founder of Stoicism
Other influential authors of logic
★ Cicero, Porphyry, and Boethius
★ Philoponus and Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes
32. 5. Aesthetics
•It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations –
including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly.
•It is important because of the following:
➢ It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive
and useful.
➢ It helps us to live more deeply and richly. A work of art helps us to rise
from purely physical existence into the realm of intellect and the
spirit.
➢ It brings us in touch with our culture. The answers of great minds in
the past to the great problems of human life are part of our culture.
33. Hans-Georg Gadamer
★ A German philosopher who argues that our
tastes and judgments regarding beauty work in
connection with one’s own personal
experience and culture.
★ Our culture consists of the values and beliefs of
our time and our society.
34. 6. Political Philosophy
● studies governments and deals
with questions of justice, power
and the rights and obligations of
citizens.
35. Philosophy of the Human Person
● an area in philosophy that
understand the human person
from a philosophical
perspective.
