Digital Era - Disability and Access

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craftinginnovationtogether
crafting innovation together
Inventing new solutions for assisting access forInventing new solutions for assisting access for
missing or lost abilitymissing or lost ability
- A view in Digital Era- A view in Digital Era
Navneet.bhushan@crafitti.com
www.crafitti.com
23 April 2011- Bangalore

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The MHRD Chair on Intellectual property Rights
National Law School of India University
Bangalore
September 30, 2015 2© Crafitti Consulting Private Ltd.
Presents
A Seminar on
Disability and copyright: Dimensions and
prospect in Digital era
On
23rd April 2011
THANK YOU

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EXPECTATIONS SETTING ……..

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• Homo Habilis Age 2,000,000 yrs ago
• Homo Sapiens Age 100,000 yrs
• Tribal/Cro-Magnon Age 40,000 yrs
• Agricultural Age 7,000 yrs
• Empires Age 2,500 yrs
• Scientific Age 380 yrs (1500-1770)
• Industrial Age 180 yrs (1770-1950)
• Information Age 70 yrs (1950-2020)
• Symbiotic Age 30 yrs (2020-2050)
• Autonomy Age 10 yrs (2050-2060)
• Tech Singularity ≈ 2060
What is this digital ERA! ~
Information Age if you may!

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Herbert Simon
Herbert Simon
Our essential task is
Our essential task is
simply to keep open the
simply to keep open the
options for the future or
options for the future or
perhaps even to broaden
perhaps even to broaden
them a bit by creating
them a bit by creating
new variety and new
new variety and new
nichesniches

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Year 2011 :::::
Year 2011 :::::
FUTURE is not about big
FUTURE is not about big
opportunity in the environment,
opportunity in the environment,
but dealing with environment of
but dealing with environment of
opportunitiesopportunities
The world is divided into two clear
regions – The ConnectedThe Connected Versus NotNot
ConnectedConnected

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3D Picture of splashing milk

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The Singaporean designer Fung Kwok Pan has managed to capture
the flow of water in solid form, and the results are stunning.
http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662020/eye-candy-solid-vase-is-a-3-d-pic

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http://www.joe-ks.com/archives_feb2006/BirdFluFlight.htm
Humanity needs to bring access to ALL –
Partially/Differently/Dis abled
Solutions/Ideas needed to
connect the unconnected

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We Really Don’t Know much about Software
Inventions and Innovations
• Software is perceived to be something different than the physical material
products, systems and things that we use.
• Yet it is by far the most important ingredient of our daily life today. The
innovations and inventions in the field of software have been the turning
points in our social, personal and professional lives. These innovations have
transformed our world in multiple ways than many of us would even
comprehend.

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WHAT IS SOFTWARE ….
Software has been defined as (1) instructions (computer
programs) that when executed provide desired function
and performance, (2) data structures that enable the
programs to adequately manipulate information, and (3)
documents that describe the operation and use of
programs.
Software has considerably different characteristics than those of hardwareSoftware has considerably different characteristics than those of hardware
•Software is developed or engineered; it is not manufactured in
the classical sense
•Software doesn’t “wear-out”
•Most software is custom-built, rather than being assembled from
existing components (That may be changing to some extent now …

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Why Software is Different …
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/arti
cle/view/1036/957

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Brooks – in Mythical Man-month
• Brooks describes the essence of software
entity as a construct of interlocking concepts:
data sets, relationships among data items,
algorithms and invocation of functions. Since
this construct is abstract – in the sense that
conceptual construct remains same under
different representations, it is difficult to build.
According to Brookes’ this irreducible essence
of modern software systems: complexity,
conformity, changeability and invisibility make
it inherently difficult to build.

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Abstract Model of SOFTWARE
• Software at the generic level is about data – processing, communication and
representation. The output of data processing leads to information on which
further three operations can be performed, i.e., processing, communication
and representation. We can represent this fact as below - Processing,
communication and storage/representation of data, information and
knowledge can be defined as the software technology at the abstract level.
DATA
Processing
Representation
/ Storage INFORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
Processing
Communication
Fig. 5.1 Software technology in the abstract form

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Enabling – Access!
As the premier manufacturer of tactile devices,
Armor-Tile (www.armor-tile.com) developed a
system whereby the sound of the long cane is
actually amplified as an additional warning for the
visually impaired. The Cast-in-Place tiles utilize
sound plates underneath them, to create a void.
The void makes the tapping or sweeping of the
cane produce a distinct audible warning. Armor-
Tiles also utilize state-of-the-art pigments to make
them resistant to fading in ultraviolet light. This is
an important innovation as well, so that the tiles
stay the intended, vivid color. After all, not all
visually disabled people are blind. Many simply
have limited vision or loss of color perception.
Armor-Tile tactile tiles for visually impaired
individuals makes a great deal of sense.

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Providing access toProviding access to InformationInformation to human mindsto human minds
is essential for the growth of Humanityis essential for the growth of Humanity
• blindness, deafness and loss of one sense doesn’t mean need for less
information to the MIND! The Human mind is adaptable and robust and with
little help – it can potentially create more.

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A Patent – describes the technical problems muchA Patent – describes the technical problems much
better than the invention that it wants to protect!!better than the invention that it wants to protect!!

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~ 3% of world’s population is~ 3% of world’s population is
visually impairedvisually impaired
~ legally blind: 20/200 or less/ Visual~ legally blind: 20/200 or less/ Visual
field of 20 degrees or lessfield of 20 degrees or less
~ Age related Visual impairment will~ Age related Visual impairment will
continue to risecontinue to rise

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Visually impaired engineers and engineering
students

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• The One-Way techniques
– Picture in a Flash
– Raised-line drawing
– Toasting
• No way the student can
manipulate those images
directly – Just for his/her
interpretation

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• Screen Reading Software

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• Tactile representations

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• Combination of screen
reading programs, non-
visual cues and tactile
representation of GUI
objects

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The NEXT – in providing software access to
visually impaired
• Sight, Touch and Hearing are available out of the three predominant senses
used by human to communicate with information sources (codified
information). Taste and Smell are used to receive sensory inputs – more
related to feelings
• Our interfaces specifically with artificial systems (such as machines and
information/entertainment content provisioning have been through Visual,
Audio and Physical touch means)
• In the absence/reduction of any one of these three key senses – Information
access to humans is reduced considerably. Out of all the three – Sight
loss/reduction is most significant.
• Most of the methods used to provide information have been to adapt/adopt
existing interfaces by increasing hearing and touch considerably.
• The next future that we should strive for is that even if one of the three
senses is available – we should be able to operate the system and get
information access!

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The questions?
• What are the implications for creating the NEXTWhat are the implications for creating the NEXT
– SocietySociety
– Legal systems (Law)Legal systems (Law)
– EcologyEcology
– PoliticalPolitical
– Human ValuesHuman Values
– Technology!!Technology!!

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41
Thank You!
We look forward to active collaboration!
Navneet.bhushan@crafitti.com
+91 990276661
www.crafitti.com

Digital Era - Disability and Access

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